Ubuthathaka obuninzi bunyuse ingozi kumadoda nakwabasetyhini
Ngesondo se-vaginal ngenye yezindlela eziphambili umntu onokusulelwa ngu-HIV. Ingxelo yabaninzi abasetyhini abangama-7 500 abachaphazelekayo kubantwana besibini ngonyaka eMelika kunye nokutheleleka kwabangama-1000 abatsha phakathi kwamadoda angatshatanga.
Ehlabathini lonke, amanani akhathaza ngakumbi. Nangona ukuhanjiswa kwesondo nge-HIV e-US kukuphakamileyo phakathi kwamadoda angama-gay kunye namadoda angamaqabane (abamele amaphesenti angama-63 abo bonke abatsha basuleleko), iziganeko zesini kunye neyona nto iqela lichaphazelekayo kwihlabathi jikelele.
Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi e-Afrika apho abaninzi abantu abane-HIV okanye abatsha banesifo esithintekayo. Kulo maninzi, ubulili besini buyindlela enkulu yokusuleleka.
Ingozi yeHIV nge-Sexual Activity
Xa kuxubusha ingozi ye-HIV, abantu bazama ukuqinisekisa ukuba "uhlobo" lwesini luyingozi; ubulili, umlomo, okanye ngomlomo. Ukususela kumbono ocacileyo, isondo somntu olwabelana ngesondo uthathwa njengengozi enkulu yengozi enomngcipheko we-18 ophezulu wokusuleleka xa uthelekiswa ngokwesini.
Kodwa lo vavanyo luyiphutha, ubuncinci kumbono ngamnye. Nangona i-vaginal ingabangela ingozi ephantsi "," amanani akaqwalasela indlela esaza ngayo isifo phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini okanye ukungabikho kobuthathaka obubeka abantu abathile emngciphekweni omkhulu wokusuleleka.
Cinga, umzekelo, ukuba abasetyhini banokuvela kwiintathu ukuya kwiihlandlo eziphindaphindiweyo zokufumana i-HIV kumadoda kunenye indlela.
Okanye ukuba abasetyhini abasebancinci banako ukufumana i-HIV kwintlanganiso yakhe yokuqala yesondo kuneqabane lamadoda.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukho amadoda athile kakhulu amathuba okufumana i-HIV kunabanye. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa, umzekelo, ukuba amadoda angalukileyo angaphezu kokuphindwe kabini ukufumana i-HIV emva kwesini ngesini kunamadoda angalukileyo.
Ukuxhatshazwa komzimba kuyahluka ngokwamntu ngamnye, ngoko ke ukuvavanya ukuba yintoni umngcipheko wezocansi zesini ufuna ukuqonda kakuhle izinto ezibeka abanye besetyhini nabasemngciphekweni omkhulu kunabanye.
Ukuxhatshazwa okwenzekayo okwenyusa ingozi ye-HIV kwabasetyhini
Umngcipheko weNTSHOLONGWANE KAGAWULAYO kumntu wesini ongakhuselekanga wesondo uphakamileyo phakathi kwabasetyhini ngezizathu ezininzi. Ukususela kumbono womzimba, izicubu zesisu (i-epithelium) zithinteka kakhulu kwi-HIV kunezo zi-penis.
Intsholongwane kaGawulayo ikwazi ukugqithisa ezi zicuksi xa i-immune system ibona igciwane elihlaselayo kwaye ithumela iiseli ezikhuselayo (ezibizwa ngokuthi ii-macrophages kunye neeseli zendoda) ukuze "zibabambe kwaye zitshatile" kwiindawo zokutshatyalaliswa. Kunoko, i-HIV ijika itafile ize ihlasele iiseli (ezibizwa ngokuba yi- CD4 T-cell ) zenzelwe ukuzinceda. Ngokwenza njalo, umzimba unceda ukuququzelela intsholongwane yakhe.
Kwaye, ngenxa yokuba indawo ye-epithelium yangasese iphezulu kakhulu kunokuba i-urethra yowesilisa, ithuba lokusulela isifo liye landa, kaninzi lubonakaliswa.
Ezinye izifo ezisemgangathweni ziquka:
- Amaseli angaphantsi komlomo wesibeleko athatyelwa kakhulu kwi-HIV, ngakumbi xa sele eselula, ukukhulelwa kokuqala komfazi, okanye phambi kwintsholongwane yesondo (i-STI) njenge-chlamydia okanye i- papillomavirus yabantu (HPV) .
- Abasetyhini abaneengxaki zokusuleleka ngokobulili, nokuba ibhakteria, i-viral, okanye i-fungal, inobungozi obungakumbi. Ezinye izifundo ziphakanyisile ukuba i-bacterial vaginosis idibene nokunyuka kwexesha lesibhozo kwengozi. Oku kuguqulela kwithuba eli-100 lokufumana i-HIV ngexesha lokulala ngesondo.
- Ubungakanani bokubhenca kunye nomthamo wokukhupha umkhuhlane wegciwane liyimpawu ebalulekileyo ekuqaliseni ukuba umntu unentsholongwane okanye cha. Ngaloo ndlela, isondo esingakhuselekanga sinokunyusa umngcipheko we-HIV kumfazi xa umntu ejula kwisisu sakhe.
- Izilonda ezivulekileyo okanye izilonda ezivela kwi-STIs njenge-syphilis inokunyusa umngcipheko kubo bobabini abasetyhini. Kwabafazi, nangona kunjalo, izilonda zihlala zingena ngaphakathi kwaye zingabonwa.
- Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke kwegciwane le-HIV elibizwa ngokuba yi- pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko we-HIV kumlingane ongatshatanga, kukho ubungqina obusebenza kakuhle kubafazi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba inqanaba le-moleculeli esebenzayo kwiisisipha zangasese asisondele ngokuphakamileyo.
- Iintlobo ze-Douching zingabuye zitshintshe i-britney's "good" ibinteria, nakuba le nto isengxoxo .
Akukho nanye kule nto, ngokuqinisekileyo, iqwalasela nayiphi na inxaxheba yengozi yentlalo engabangela ukuba abasetyhini banomngcipheko ophezulu. Oku kuquka ubundlobongela ngesondo ngobudlelwane obungagqithisi nje ithuba lomfazi lokuzikhusela kodwa kungabangela umonakalo kwiisisipha zesisu.
Ubumpofu, iinkqubo zentlalo kunye nokungalingani kwezesini kuqinisekisa ngakumbi ukuba nayiphi na iindleko umntu angayi kuba nayo ngaphandle kwegumbi lokulala uya kwandisa egumbini lokulala. Zonke ezi zifaka isandla kwizinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-HIV kwabasetyhini.
Ukuxhatshazwa okwandisa iHIV kwiMadoda
Inyaniso yokuba amadoda awanako ukuthintela kwi-HIV kunokuba abasetyhini bengafaneleki ukunyaniseka ukuba banako ukukhuseleka oku kunokunyusa umngcipheko wabo wokosulelo.
Siyazi, umzekelo, ukuba i-penis engalukanga ingabakhokelela ukusulela isifo ngenxa yendawo engqongileyo enobuncwane. Ekuphenduleni, umzimba uya kuvelisa uhlobo lwesitredithi se-dendritic (ebizwa ngokuba yiLangerhans cells ) ukunceda ukulawula ibhaktheriya.
Xa indoda inesondo esingakhuselekanga nomfazi onentsholongwane kaGawulayo, ezo iiseli ziyakwazi "ukubamba kwaye zihudulele" intsholongwane yazo kwizithintelo zamathambo kwaye ziwanike kwii-CD4 T-cell ukuba zithinte. Izifo zesifo soomzimba kunye nezifo zentsholongwane zomzimba zandisa ukwanda kwe-HIV.
Ukusuka kwimbono yenkcubeko, inkcazo yoluntu yobuninzi ingasoloko ikwazi ukulungelelanisa i-adventure yezesondo kumadoda kwaye iyakhuthaza. Yenza umgangatho ombini onokubeka umntu engozini enkulu yentsholongwane kaGawulayo ngokuzibandakanya ubunzima kunye namaqabane amaninzi okanye ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ezinobungozi.
Ukuxhatshazwa kwaBantu kunye nabasetyhini
Kukho ukungathinteka okwandisa amathuba okusulelwa kwabasetyhini nabasetyhini. Phakathi kwabo:
- Naliphi na ukwanda kwindalo yesifo segciwane lesandulela ngculaza (umthamo wegciwane lesigxina egazini) landisa umngcipheko kumlingane ongakhuselekanga. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuba ukwanda kwelogi elilodwa kumthwalo wentsholongwane - ukusuka, kuthi, 100 ukuya ku-1,000 - lunokuphinda kabini kwaye ibe kathathu umngcipheko wokusuleleka.
- Ukongezelela, umthamo ophezulu wentsholongwane ngexesha lokusuleleka (isigaba ngokukhawuleza emva kokutshatyalaliswa) kudibene nokunyuka kwama-28 kwengozi. Oku kuguqulela kwithuba eli-50 lokufumana i-HIV ukuba ungumfazi kunye nomntu ukuba ithuba lokuba 500 ukuba ungumntu.
- Ukusela utywala okanye ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwaye kuthintela amandla omntu okwenza ukhetho olukhuselekileyo, olunjengokusebenzisa iikhondom okanye ukuhlala uhambelana neyeza leyeza.
Umngcipheko wobuNgcipheko nge-Sexual Vaginal
Ukususela kwimbono yokuba "ingozi yokuzimela" (ithuba lokufumana intsholongwane kaGawulayo kwisenzo esisodwa sesondo), umngcipheko ungahluka ngokubhekiselele kwisini, umthamo wentsholongwane yomlingane we-HIV kunye nendawo yehlabathi ohlala kuyo .
Ezi zibalo aziqwalasele naziphi na ezinye izinto ezinokunyusa umngcipheko, kubandakanywa nobukho be-STI, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane ekhoyo, njenge-hepatitis C.
Ukuboniswa | Uhlobo lokuPhuma | Umngcipheko wobuNgcipheko |
Vaginal | Ukwabelana ngesondo, umfazi wesilisa (ilizwe elinenzuzo ephezulu) | 0.04% (enye kwi-2500) |
Ukwabelana ngesondo, i-male-to-female (ilizwe elinenzuzo ephezulu) | 0.08% (enye ngo-1250) | |
Ukwabelana ngesondo, i-female-to-male (ilizwe eliphantsi-ngeniso) | 0.38% (enye ngo-263) | |
Ukwabelana ngesondo, isondo kunye namadoda (ilizwe eliphantsi-ngeniso) | 0.3% (enye ngowama-333) | |
Ukulala ngesondo, isifo se-HIV | 0.07% (enye ngo-1428) | |
I-sexinal vaginal, i-HIV-static symptomatic symptomatic | 0.55% (enye ngo-180) |
Ukubonakaliswa ngengozi kunye nezocwangco zesondo
Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba uye waveleleka kwi-HIV, mhlawumbi ngokusebenzisa ikhondom yokuqhawula ngesondo ngokungathandanga, kukho imishanguzo enokunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokusuleleka ekuthiwa yi-post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).
I-PEP iqukethe iikhosi ezingama-28 zezidakamizwa zokulwa ne-antiretroviral, ekufuneka zithathwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye zingaphazamiseki. Ukuze kunciphise umngcipheko wosulelo, i-PEP kufuneka iqaliswe ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka - ngokufanelekileyo kwiiyure ezingama-36 ukuya kufumaneka .
ILizwi
Ukuvavanya umngcipheko wakho we-HIV akufanele ube ngumdlalo wamanani. Ingaba iimeko ezinye kwi-10 okanye enye kwi-100,000, kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba unokufumana i-HIV emva kokutshatyalaliswa komnye.
Hlola zonke izixhobo ezikhoyo zokukhusela i-HIV. Ukongeza kwi-PrEP, isicwangciso esinokunciphisa umngcipheko we-HIV ngamaphesenti angama-76, umthwalo ongenakubonakalayo wegciwane lesandulela ngculaza unokwenza umngcipheko ophantsi ungaphantsi kwama-96 ekhulwini okanye ngaphezulu. Futhi ungalibali ikhondom yokuzama-kunye-yinyaniso, ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo okudibaniswa ne-20-fold incinci engozini.
Ngokuqulunqa indlela epheleleyo yokukhusela, unokuqhubeka nokufumana ubomi obunempilo ngokwesini xa ukhusela okanye uthandekayo engozini ye-HIV.
> Imithombo:
> Boily, M .; Baggaley, R .; Wang, L .; okqhubekayo. "Umngcipheko we-Heterosexual to HIV-1 ngesenzo ngasinye sezesondo: Ukuphononongwa kwenkqubo kunye nokuhlalutya kweemvavanyo zezifundo." Izifo ezithathelwanayo zeLancet. Fe bruwari 2009; 9 (2): 118-129.
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). Usulelo lweNtsholongwane kaGawulayo namhlanje . Atlanta, Georgia; Agasti 2016.
> Cohen, C; Lingappa, J .; Baeten, J; okqhubekayo. "I-bacterium vaginosis enxulumene nobungozi obuninzi bokusasazeka kwe-HIV kwindoda-yindoda: uhlalutyo lwamaqela aseAfrika." PLoS Medicine. Juni 2012; 9 (6): e1001251.
> Hollingworth, T .; Anderson, R .; kunye noFraser, C. "Ukutshintshwa kwe-HIV-1, ngesigaba sentsholongwane." I-Journal of Infectious Diseases. NgoSeptemba 1, 2008; 198 (5): 687-693.
> Uhlelo lweZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiHIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). " Uhlaziyo lwe-AIDS jikelele kwi-2016 ." Geneva, eSwitzerland; 2016: 9.