Ukuhlaselwa kweMicular, edlalwa ngokuba yi-macular degeneration (ARMD okanye i-AMD) eneminyaka yobudala, iyona nto ibangela ubumpumputhe eMelika. Le meko ibandakanya kakhulu abantu abaneminyaka engama-65 nangaphezulu. Ezinye iingxaki ze-macular ezichaphazela abantu abasebancinci zingabhekiselwa ekubeni yi-macular degeneration, kodwa eli gama libhekisela kwi - macular degeneration enxulumene neminyaka.
I-AMD ichaphazela i- macula , inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-retina ejongene nombono obukhali, ongundoqo. I-AMD inokunyangwa, nangona ingaphilwanga.
Kukho ezimbini iindidi eziphambili ze-macular degeneration :
- Emile (engekho Neovascular) AMD
I-AMD eyomileyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-non-exudative macular degeneration, iyona hlobo oluqhelekileyo, libala malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 zazo zonke iimeko ze-AMD. Kwi-AMD eyomileyo, utshintsho olubonakalayo kwiiseli ezinemibala yelihlo lwenzeka, ukushiya indawo yokuhlanjululwa, ukuguqulwa kwe-pigment, kunye nokutshiza (i-yellow deposits phantsi kwe-retina).
I-AMD eyomileyo idla ngokuqhubekayo ngokukhawuleza. Kukho amanyathelo amathathu: ekuqaleni, okuphakathi, kunye nokuphambili. Isigaba sokuqala sichazwa ngumbono ogqithisileyo okanye oqhelekileyo okanye ukulahleka okubonakalayo. Ukulahlekelwa kombono ophakathi kwe-widus, ukunyuka okungeziwe kungabonakala okanye kwandiswe, kwaye utshintsha utshintsho lukhula njengoko imeko iya phambili. Iqondo lokulahleka kombono liyahlukahluka nge-AMD eyomileyo kodwa ngokungaqhelekanga iqhubela phambili kwimpumputhe yomthetho. I-macrotic tissue i-atrophy kunye nobunzima obunobunzima bungaphuhlisa.
- I-Wet (Neovascular) AMD
I-akhawunti ye-AMD enamanzi malunga neepesenti ezili-10 zazo zonke iimeko ze-AMD. Abantu abanomgangatho owomileyo we-AMD banokunyuka kwifom ephezulu kakhulu. Ukukhula kweemveliso zegazi (i-neovascularrization) iyenzeka phantsi kwe-retina. Nangona ezi nqanawa zitsha, zibuthathaka kwimvelo. Igazi kunye nokuphuma kwamanzi kwimithambo yegazi, ngokukhawuleza ukuphakamisa i-macula kwaye kubangele ukuphazamiseka okubonakalayo, okungabangela ukuba kubekho umonakalo wezigxiba zomzimba. Ukukhwabanisa kwenzeka, kubangele ukulahleka kwemibono kwaye, ngamaxesha amaninzi, ubumpumputhe bomthetho.
Okunye ukuxilongwa kwe-macular diseration kuquka:
- Ukuhlaziywa kwamaGraphic Macular
Ukuguqulwa kwamanzi kwi-Geographic yindlela ephakamileyo yokwehla kwamanzi. Apha, kukho ummandla oqhelekileyo wokulahleka kwama-retinal pigment amaseli epithelial (RPE). I-RPE, eyenza emva kweso ilungu lombala obomvu-olunobumba, lunceda ukondla i-photoreceptors yelihlo, iintonga kunye neebhondi. Ngenxa yoko, nantoni na ebangela izifo kwi-RPE ekugqibeleni izithintela iintonga kunye namaqhina kwi-retina.
Kubizwa ngokuba "indawo" ngenxa yokuba iindawo ezinkulu zeRPE ezilahlekileyo zibonakala ngathi zinamazwekazi ezungezwe ulwandle lwe-retina enempilo. Ngamanye amaxesha kuchazwa ngokuba yi-RPE yokuyeka. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukho ukuvuza okuphazamisayo okanye ukuphuma, kwaye ukulahleka kombono kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Oogqirha bafundela unyango lwe-gene kunye ne-RPE yokutshintshwa kwenyango. - Ukuhlaziywa kwabantwana abancinci
I-dystrophy ye-Juvenile yecystrophy okanye i-degeneration ifa kwaye ichaphazela abantu abatsha nabantwana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le meko i-autosomal rectional, echaza ukuba iyavela xa umntwana ethola umtya ogqithisileyo kumzali ngamnye. Ukuhlaselwa kwe-macular yolutsha akuchaphazeli umbono wombono okanye umbono we-peripheral. Abantu abahlakulela ukuhluthwa kwe-macular yolutsha banokulahlekelwa ngumbono ophakathi kwaye bangaba yimfama. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zentsholongwane ye-macular ye-youth: Isifo se-Stargardt kunye ne-Vitelliform macular dystrophy.
Iimpawu
Ukulahleka kombono kwi-macular degeneration kuhamba kancane kangangokuthi unganakukubona ekuqaleni. Ngokuqhelekileyo akukho ntlungu. Njengoko eso sifo siyaqhubeka, umbono wakho ungabonakaliswa kwaye izinto zingabonakala ziphosakele. Abanye abantu abane-AMD banokukhalaza ngamagama alahlekileyo ngamazwi okanye kunzima ukubona ukuprinta okuncinci.
Njengoko imeko iya phambili, kunokuthi kubekho ukulahleka okanye ukuguquka kombono ophakathi, ngelixa umboniso wembambano ungatshintshi. Ngamanye amaxesha, umbala wombala ungatshintshwa.
Iimpawu ze-AMD ziya kubakho, nangona zifumaniswe ngokugqithiseleyo ngezilwanyana zempilo zeso.
Izizathu
Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zokuhlaselwa kwe-macular ezihlobene nokukhula.
Kukho nezinye iindidi ezininzi ezaziwa ngokuba yingxaki yokuphuhliswa kwe-macular yobudala.
- Ubudala
- Ukutshaya
- Imbali yentsapho
- Umbala wamehlo okukhanya
- U xinzelelo
- Ukukhanya kwelanga
- Izifo zengqondo
- Cholesterol ephezulu
- Ukunyanya
- Ngokwesini
- Ukujonga phambili
Ubume bakho bangabangela negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-AMD, kwaye uphando lwangoku lujolise kwiijethi ezinokunyusa okanye ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa i-AMD .
Ukuxilongwa
Ukuxilongwa kwe-AMD kwenziwa emva kokuhlolwa kwamehlo okunzulu okwenziwa yi-optometrist okanye i-ophthalmologist.
Umlinganiselo kunye nombono osondeleyo uphinde ulinganiswe. Uvavanyo olubizwa ngokuthi "igridi ye-Amsler" lwenziwa ukuba lufumane iindawo eziyimfama, imigca yokugada okanye ukuphazamiseka kwimibono. Ukuhlolwa kwe-retinal dilate kuvumela ugqirha ukuba abone umbono ophakamileyo we-macula.
Ugqirha lakho kwamehlo liza kukhangela iimpawu ezifana nale:
- Utywala kwaye utshintshe kwiiseli ezinemibala e-macula, ngenxa yokwakha i-debris
- Ukukhula kweemveliso zamanzi (i-neovascularization): Ukungabi naso kwe-oxygen kwi-retina kunokubonisa ukuba ngabalamli bamachiza abangela ukuba oku.
- I-flux okanye igazi eliye lahlaselwa kwiisisiti zokubuyisela (ngenxa yemithambo yamitsha yegazi, ebuthathaka njengokuba benzayo)
Ukuba i-AMD ikhunjulwa, uvavanyo lwama-injection-injection, u-fluorescein angiography (FA), lunokuthi luyalelwe. Olunye uvavanyo lokuxilonga, i-optical coherence tomography (OCT), inokwenziwa kwakhona. Ukuba i-AMD ifunyenwe, ukuthunyelwa kwiprofessor ye-retinal kuya kulandelayo.
Unyango
Akukho nonyango eyaziwayo yokuchithwa kwe-macular. Ukwelashwa kwe-AMD kugxininise ukulibazisa okanye ukunciphisa ukuqhubela phambili kwesi sifo kwaye kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwinqanaba layo.
Ngokusekelwe kwiSifundo se-Eye-Related Related Disease Study (AREDS), izongezelelo zondlovu eziqukethe iivithamini C no-E, i-beta-carotene, kunye ne-zinc zaboniswa ukuba ziphuze okanye zilibazise ukuqhubela phambili kwe-AMD ephezulu kwi-AMD ngamaphesenti angama-28 kwabanye abantu abaneimeko .
Utyando lwe-AMD emanzi ligxile ekumiseni ukuvuza kwamanzi ku-neovascularization. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-photocoagulation kunye ne-macular translocation zenziwe ngeempembelelo ezichaseneyo. Isicatshulwa sokukhula (i-anti-VEGF) se-anti-vascular (anti-VEGF) sisetyenziselwa unyango lwe-macular degeneration. Ezi zonyango zijojowe ngqo kwijiso kwaye zenza ukuyeka imitsha yegazi emitsha.
Ukuba unemiqondo ebalulekileyo yokulahleka ngenxa ye-AMD, amaziko emiboniso aphantsi kunye noogqirha banakho ukuphakamisa iimveliso okanye ukuguqulwa kwekhaya ezingahlawulela umbono osebenzayo kwaye uphucule umgangatho wobomi . Ezinye zezi zixhobo ziquka iilazi zokufunda eziphakamileyo eziphezulu okanye i-bifocals, iilensi ze-telescopic, izixhobo ezigcinwe ngesandla, abakhulu, kunye neethelevishini ezijikelezayo. Ezinye iziphakamiso, ezifana nokusebenzisa amawashi amaninzi amaninzi kunye ne-stove dials, iincwadi ezinkulu zokuprinta, iikhompythi zokubhala kunye nezixhobo zokuthetha ngekhompyutheni, zinokuphucula ngokuphawulekayo umgangatho wobomi kunye nobunzima be-macular.
Ukujamelana
Ukuphila kunye nokulahlekelwa kombono we-macular diseration kungadinga ukwenza ukulungiswa kwempilo. Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zobomi ezichaphazelekayo zibandakanya ukuqhuba, ukufunda, nokuqhuba imisebenzi emihle yemoto efuna uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemibono, njengokuthunga nokusebenzisa izixhobo. Kwezinye iimeko, imisebenzi ingadinga ukukhankanywa. Kodwa kwabanye, izixhobo zokuncedisa (njengabakhulisi) kunye nokuguqulwa kunokunceda kwaye kukuvumele ukuba uqhubeke.
Ukuxhaswa kwezenhlalakahle kuyincedo, kungekhona nje kukukunceda ulungelelanise kodwa ukukunceda ngemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla xa kuyimfuneko. Unokuphinda ucinge ngeminikelo yokuthutha.
ILizwi
Kubalulekile ukuba uhlole iimvavanyo zamehlo rhoqo njengenxalenye yesondlo sakho sempilo yonke imihla, nangona ungenayo imbono yokulahleka. Ukuba ukuvavanya kubonisa ukuba unemiqondiso yamandulo ye-macular degeneration, qiniseka ukuba ulandele ugqirha wakho wezilwanyana njengoko kunconywayo kwaye uhambelane namanyathelo athenjisiweyo okumisa imeko ukususela, njengoko oku kungenza umehluko ekukhuseleni ukulahleka kombono.
> Imithombo:
> I-Gheorghe A, i-Mahdi L, i-Musat O, i-Mac-L ehambelana ne-Macular Degeneration. Rom J Ophthalmol. 2015 Matshi-Juni; 59 (2): 74-7.
> Narayanan R, Kuppermann BD, Izihloko ezifudumele kwi-AMD eyomileyo, i-Curr Pharm Des. 2017; 23 (4): 542-546. i-doi: 10.2174 / 1381612822666161221154424.