I-endoscopy yinkqubo yezobugcisa esetyenziselwa ukujonga izitho zangaphakathi ngendlela engagqirha. Ezi zihlandlo zibizwa ngokuba yi-"minimalally invasive" iinkqubo kuba zizona ndlela ezingenakunqwenelekayo zokujonga iziko kunokuba zenzeke. Ngaphambi kokuba sibe neenkqubo zokugcina i-endoscopic, ukuhlinzwa kwakudingeka ngokubanzi ukufumana iziphumo ezifanayo njengokuba sisifumana kwi-endoscopy ngoku. Le nqubo ingenziwa ngaphandle kokuba i-anesthesia ngokuqhelekileyo idinga ukuhlinzwa, kwaye ngoko ithwale ingozi encinane.
Nge-endoscopy, i-endoscope ivame ukufakwa phantsi emlonyeni, ukuya kwi-rectum, okanye nge-incision encinci eyenziwe esikhumbeni xa ihlola ngaphakathi kwamalungu, isifuba okanye isisu. I-endoscope yi-tube eguquguqukayo enekhamera ekhanyisiweyo. Ikhamera ibuyisela umfanekiso ukuze izakhiwo zomzimba zangaphakathi ziboniswe kwi-monitor.
I-endoscopy idla ngokubakho xa kubonakala ukuba izitho zangaphakathi zifunekayo ukuba zixilongwe, kwaye i-endoscopy ivumela ukuxilongwa ukuba kwenziwe ngengozi engaphantsi kokuhlinzwa. I-Endoscopy ingasetyenziselwa ukufikelela kwizitho zangaphakathi zonyango.
Iingxaki
Iingxaki ezinokwenzeka zokuphela kwe-endoscopy ziquka ukuphuma kwegazi, ukugqabhuka eludongeni lwesigxina esangeniswayo, kunye neempendulo kwiimithi zonyango.
Anesthesia
I-endoscopy idla ngokuphindaphindiweyo phantsi kwesilwanyana esivela kwi-IV. Izigulane zihlala zilala ngexesha lenkqubo, kodwa ukulala kukhanya kakhulu, kwaye abantu abaninzi bavusa kungekudala emva kokuba inkqubo yenziwe. Olu hlobo lwamaxesha athile lubizwa ngokuthi "ukulala ebusuku." Ngezinye iinkqubo, i-anesthesia jikelele ingafumaneka kwakhona.
Ukulungiselela
Ukulungiselela i-endoscopy ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna ukuba ukutya (ukungadli) kwiiyure ezingama-6 ukuya kwe-8 ngaphambi komsebenzi. Ukuze i-endoscopy yekholoni (colonoscopy), i-laxative yokucoca iibilini iya kusetyenziswa.
Iintlobo ze-Endoscopy
Zininzi iintlobo zeenkqubo zokugcina i-endoscopy, kubandakanywa:
I-Arthroscopy : I- Arthroscopy yinkqubo apho kukhankanywa okuncane kwesikhumba kwaye ububanzi bufakwe kwi-joint.
I-arthroscopy ingasetyenziselwa ukuxilonga nokuphatha iziganeko ezidibeneyo, ukusuka ekuhloleni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-arthritis ukulungisa iindwangu zokujikeleza. Inqubo ayikwazi ukusetyenziswa kuwo onke amajoyina, kwaye asinayo indlela yokwenza yonke imisebenzi yokuhlinzwa, njengendlela yokutyunjwa ngokubambisana, ngale ndlela.
I-bronchoscopy : Kwi-bronchoscopy, ityhubhu ifakwe emlonyeni kwaye idlula ngaphaya kwe-trachea ibe kwiibhubhu ezinqabileyo (i-airways enkulu yamaphaphu). I-bronchoscopy ingasetyenziselwa ukujonga izicathulo kunye nokwenza i-biopsies. Ngokudibanisa i-ultrasound, ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhamla izidumbu zamaphaphu eziseduze kodwa zingekho kwi-airways (endobronchial ultrasound). Ingasetyenziselwa unyango ngokunjalo, ukuyeka ukuphuma kwi-tumor, okanye ukunciphisa indlela yokuhamba ngomoya ukuba i-tumor ibangela ukunciphisa.
I-Colonoscopy : Unokuba uqhelana ne-colonoscopy ukusuka kwisikrini somhlaza wekoloni. Kwi-colonoscopy, ityhubhu ifakwe kwi-rectum kwaye ifakwe kwi-colon. Ingasetyenziselwa ngale ndlela ukuxilonga i-colon khancer okanye ukususa ii-polyps ezinokukwazi ukuguqula umhlaza. Ngaloo ndlela, i-colonoscopies inciphise umngcipheko wokufa kumdlavuza wekolon ngokubanjwa kwangaphambili, ukufumana umdlavuza xa uncinci kwaye ungasasazanga, kwaye ngokuthintela okuphambili, ukususa iipolisi ezinokuba ngumhlaza.
I-Colposcopy : I-colposcopy ifakwe kwi-vaginal opening ukuze kukhangeleke ngakumbi umlomo wesibeleko. Kuqhelekileyo kwenziwa rhoqo ngenxa yePap smear engavumelekanga ukukhangela ubungqina bentambo yomlomo wesibeleko okanye umhlaza wesibeleko.
I-Cystoscopy : I-cystoscopy ivumela ugqirha ukuba azibonele ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwesibindi sakho ukuze uhlolisise iimeko ezivela kwi-cystitis yangaphakathi ukuya kumhlaza wesisu. Kule nkqubo, ityhuthana encinci ifakwe kwi-urethra (ityhubhu iya kwi-bladder ibe ngaphandle komzimba) kunye ne-vestile. Isixhobo sinesixhobo esikhethekileyo ekupheleni esivumela oogqirha ukuba bathathe i-biopsy yiphina indawo ekhangayo.
ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography): Kwi-ERCP, ityhubhu ifakwe phantsi emlonyeni nasesisu nasezintwini kunye neepancreatic ducts ezikhokelela emathunjini amancinci avela esibindi nasepancreas. Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukufumana ama-gallstones afakwe kule miqho, kunye nokujonga ngeso lengqondo amathanga (afana neengqamzana ezinomdlavuza ezinqabileyo).
I-EGD (i-esophogealgastroduodenoscopy): Kwi-EGD, ugqirha ufaka ityhuthana encinci emlonyeni aze ahlahle ngokulandelana ngesisu, isisu, kunye ne-duodenum (inxalenye yokuqala yesisu esincinci). I-EGD iye yaphumelela kakhulu ekuhloleni iziganeko ezazinzima ukuyixilonga, kubandakanywa iingxaki zesifo esinjengomdla weBarrett, izilonda esiswini nase-duodenum, ukuvuvukala, i-cancer, isifo se-reflux nesifo se-celiac.
I-Laparoscopy : Kwi-laparoscopy, iincinci ezincinci zenziwe kwinkinobho yesisu nangaphezu kwesisu esivumela ukuba indawo ibekwe kwi-peritoneal cavity (indawo yokuhlala kwizitho zangasese). Kungenziwa kokubili ukuxilongwa kwaye njengendlela yokuphatha yonke into ekungabikho komntwana ukususa isithasiselo.
I-Laryngoscopy: I-laryngoscopy yinkqubo apho ityhubhu ifakwe emlonyeni ukuze ibonise i-larynx (ibhokisi yezwi). Le ndlela iyakwazi ukubona ukungaqhelekanga kwibhokisi yezwi ukusuka kwiipolisi ukuya kumdlavuza wesiliva.
I-Mediastinoscopy : I-mediastinoscopy yinkqubo apho kufakwa khona ububanzi ngodonga lwesifuba kwindawo ephakathi kwemiphunga (i-mediastinum). Ingasetyenziselwa ukuxilonga iimeko ezifana ne-lymphomas kunye ne-sarcoidosis, kodwa isoloko iyenziwa njengengxenye yesigxina somdlavuza wamaphaphu, ukujonga i- lymph nodes kwi-mediastinum apho umhlaza ungasasazeka khona.
Iproctoscopy: I-proctoscopy yinkalo enokufakwa kwi-anus ukuvavanya i-rectum (i-6 ukuya kwe-8 intshi yokugqibela yamathumbu okanye amathumbu amakhulu ). Kuye kwenziwa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuhlola ukuphuma kwegazi.
I-Thoracoscopy: I-thoracoscopy yinkqubo apho kuboniswa khona amancinci kwindonga yesifuba ukufikelela kwimiphunga. Ukongezelela kokusetyenziswa ukwenza iipopopi zamaphaphu, le nkqubo ngoku isetyenziselwa ukususa i-cancer cancer. Le nkqubo inokuthi i-VATS okanye incediso ye-thoracoscopic encediswa yividiyo. Inqubo ye-VATS ingenziwa ngexesha elingaphantsi ixesha elifutshane kunye nemiphumo embalwa yexeshana kunye nexesha elide lotyando. Akunabo bonke abagqithisi, kodwa ke, baqeqeshwa kule nkqubo, kwaye akusiyo yonke i-cancer cancers ifumaneka ngolu hlobo.
Imithombo:
I-American Society ye-Clinical Oncology. Cancer.Net. Ukuhlaziywa 02 / 2-16. http://www.cancer.net/kuvakalisa-khenkca- ukunakekelwa / ukufumana ingxaki-