Abantu abasebenza kwizicwangciso zezononophelo zezempilo bahlala bevezwa kwiintsholongwane ngelixa bephethe okanye bejikeleze izigulane. Ukugonywa kwabasebenzi bezempilo (HCP), njengamagqirha kunye nabongikazi, kunceda ukukhusela kwizifo ezinobungozi ezifana nomkhuhlane kunye nokukhwehlela, kunye nokukhusela izigulane abazikhathalelayo. Bonke abantu abadala kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba bafikeleleke kuzo zonke izigulane ezicetyiswa rhoqo. Kodwa ukuba u-HCP okanye usebenza kwindawo yokunakekelwa kwempilo, kukho izibhengezo ezithandathu ezicetyiswa yiKomidi eliPhakamisayo malunga neMigudu yokuConsa (ACIP).
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InfluenzaKuqikelelwa ukuba abantu abayi-12 000 ukuya ku-56,000 bafa minyaka yonke eUnited States esuka kumkhuhlane, okwenza kube esinye sezifo ezikhuselweyo zokugonywa kwilizwe namhlanje.
Abantu abaninzi abasengozini yokubhedlelelwa esibhedlela okanye ngenxa yokufa ngenxa yesifo somkhuhlane nabo nabo sele banokuqhagamshelana rhoqo neHCP. Eli qela liquka abo banezifo zonyango, abantwana abancinci, abafazi abakhulelweyo, kunye nabadala-abanye babo abanako ukugonywa ngokukhuselekileyo ngenxa yobudala okanye izizathu zonyango.
Unokufumana umkhuhlane ngokuphefumula okanye ukudibanisa neempompo zokuphefumula eziphalaza ngenxa yeengqungquthela okanye ukudibanisa okanye ngokuthinta izinto ezingcolileyo njengezinto zokusebenzela. Oko kuthetha ukuba unokusuleleka kwaye usasaza umkhuhlane nangona ungahambi ngqo noogulane.
I-ACIP icebisa wonke umntu ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu ukufumana isitofu sokugonya umkhuhlane wonyaka, kuquka-kwaye ngokukodwa-i-HCP kunye nezinye iintlobo zabanakekeli . Ngokwe-CDC, uqikelelo lwe-88 ekhulwini labasebenzi bezempilo eMelika bafumana ukugonya umkhuhlane ngexesha le-2016-2017, kodwa loo manani athatyathelwe kummandla ngamnye.
Izilungiselelo zesibhedlele zivame ukuba nezitishi eziphezulu zokugonywa ngaphandle kweendawo zokunakekelwa kwexesha elide ezifana namakhaya asebekhulile, kwaye abasebenzi banokufumana umgomo wokukhusela umkhuhlane xa kufuneka ngabaqeshi babo. Kwiindawo apho igonya lokugonywa liyimfuneko, i-97% yeHCP ifakwe igonywe, xa kuthelekiswa neepesenti ezingama-46 zalabo basebenzayo kwisistim apho kungadingeki khona, bakhuthazwa, okanye banikwe kwi-site.
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I-hepatitis BI-Hepatitis B isasazeka ngamanzi omzimba afana negazi kunye namathe. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-1 bakholelwa ukuba banokusulelwa e-United States njengamanje. Ngenxa yokuba abaninzi bala bantu abaziva begula, kaninzi abaqapheli ukuba banegciwane, kodwa banokusasaza kwabanye abantu. Ukuba ishiywe ingaphendulwanga, intsholongwane ye-hepatitis B ingakhokelela kwiimeko ezinokuthi zenzeke, kuquka i-cirrhosis kunye nomhlaza wesibindi. Oku kunjalo ngokukodwa kubantwana abancinci abasulelekileyo.
Ukuze i-HCP ingozi yokufumana i-hepatitis B, ukugonywa yingxenye ebalulekileyo yokulawulwa kwesulelo. Xa isiphakamiso sokugonya i-HCP malunga nesifo se-hepatitis B saphuma ngowama-1982, ukuqikelelwa kwezinto ezili-10,000 kwenzeka phakathi kwabasebenzi kwiindawo zempilo kunye namazinyo. Ngo-2004, kwakukho nje ngo-304. Ngo-2015, ama-74 ekhulwini le-HCP kunye noxilongo oluhambelana nesigulane uye wagonywa ngentsholongwane. Nangona iphakamileyo kunabantu abadala abadala, eli nqanaba liphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-90 ezichazwe kwi-Healthy People 2020, isethi yeenjongo zikazwelonke eziza kwenziwa ngo-2020 ukuphucula impilo yabantu base-US.
Yonke i-HCP engasayi kugonywa malunga ne-hepatitis b kufuneka ifumane isichungechunge esipheleleyo se-dose ezintathu, kwaye abo banokuqhagamshelana nezifo zomzimba kufuneka bavavanywe iinyanga ezi-1-2 emva kokuba iqondo lokugqibela liqinisekise ukuba imizimba yabo isabele kakuhle lokugonya.
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Imishukela, i-Mumps, neRubella (MMR)Iimfucu zavakaliswa zisuswe kwiUnited States ngo-2000, kodwa eso sifo sihlala siqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, kwaye ukuphazamiseka okwexeshana kusekhona apha ekhaya. Ngenye yeentsholongwane ezichaphazelekayo ezaziwa ngabantu kwaye zikwazi ukuhlala emoyeni ukuya kwiiyure ezimbini emva kokuba umntu osulelekileyo uye washiya ikamelo.
Ngenxa yokuba imasisi ayisekho e-United States, abazali abancinci abanako ukungazi izibonakaliso zesifo kwaye ke ungathathi amanyathelo ngaphambi kokuzisa abantwana abanesifo kwiimeko zokunakekelwa kwempilo. Yaye leyo ingabangela ukugqabhuka, njengokwenziwe ngo-2008. Inkwenkwe engatshwanga, engama-7 enesistim evakashele i-ofisi yakhe yabantwana kwaye yayiphelisa intsholongwane kwabanye abantwana abane-abathathu kubo abancinci ukuba bafumane ukugonya kwe-MMR ngelo xesha. Omnye weentsana kufuneka afike esibhedlele. Le nkwenkwe yayityelele iinkqubo ezininzi zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngaphambi kokuba zifumaneke ukuba zinesisulu, zingenasistim esahlukileyo sokuphunyezwa ukukhusela ezinye izigulane okanye i-HCP.
Kumazwe asephambili kwezobuchwepheshe afana neUnited States, phantse omnye kubantu abane abane-measles kufuneka babe esibhedlele. Ehlabathini lonke, phantse abantu abayi-100 000 bafa ngenxa yesifo minyaka yonke, ngokuyininzi abantwana. Ukugonywa yindlela efanelekileyo kakhulu yokukhusela ukufa nokukhubazeka kumasisi. Ngokwe-World Health Organisation, isitofu sokugonya sathintela ukufa kwabantu abayizigidi ezingama-20 phakathi ko-2000 no-2016.
Nangona i-rubella kunye nama- mumps zivame ukungabi nzulu kakhulu kunomasisi, i-HCP engavumelekanga isenokusuleleka emva kokuba ivezwe kwizigulane ezi zifo, kwaye emva koko zidlulisele iintsholongwane kwizigulane ezinokukhubazeka, njengabesetyhini abakhulelweyo.
I-HCP engavumelekanga eyazalelwa ngo-1957 okanye emva kwayo kufuneka ifikelele ezimbini i-MMR, ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-28. I-HCP eyazalwa ngaphambi kowe-1957 ngokuqhelekileyo ibhekwa ukuba ikhuselekile kumasisi, i-mumps, kunye ne-rubella, kodwa ngaphandle kokuba bangabonisa ubungqina bokuba banezifo okanye bavavanyelwe ukuba banokuzivikela, kufuneka baqhubeke begonywa nge-MMR ene-1 dose ( ukuba ungekho ubungqina bokukhuseleka kwe-rubella kuphela) okanye ama-2 amanani (ukuba unobungqina bokuba ungenalo ubungqina bokuthi u-mumps kunye / okanye isantya). Abasetyhini abangenasigxina abasebenza kwizilungiselelo zononophelo lwezempilo abanokukhulelwa (kodwa abangekho okwamanje) banokufumana ubuncinane umthamo omnye we-MMR ukukhusela kwi-rubella.
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ITetanus, iDiphtheria kunye nePertussis (Tdap)Iimpawu ezimbini ze-tetanus zikhona: iTdap kunye neTd . Bobabini zibandakanya izixhobo zokukhusela ezixubile ezenziwe yi-tetanus ne-diphtheria bhakteria, kodwa kuphela i-Tdap ifaka i-pertussis.
I-Pertussis, eyaziwa nangokuthi ukukhwehlela, iyisifo sokuphefumula esinokuba yingozi kakhulu kwiintsana eziselula. Njengomkhuhlane, usasazeka ngokukhwehlela nokukrazula, kunye nokuqhagamshelana okufutshane njengokumanga. Ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zokuqala ze-pertussis zinokubukeka zibukeka ngathi zibandayo, abantu abaninzi abadala abaqapheli ukuba banesifo. I-HCP esebenzayo kwizicwangciso zezilwanyana ibonakala iyona mngcipheko wokubambisana kunye nokusabalalisa i-pertussis. Kwaye abo basebenzayo kwiiyunithi zokunyamekela ezincinci kwizibhedlele kufuneka bamele baqaphele kakhulu nge-pertussis, njengoko kungenokuba babulala iintsana ezingekafiki ukuba zisulelekile.
Bonke aba-HCP abangazange baqinisekiswe okanye baqiniseki ukuba banentsholongwane yokulwa ne-pertussis kufuneka bafumane ubuncinane i-dose eyodwa ye-Tdap-kungakhathaliseki ukuba kusele kangakanani ixesha ekugqibeleni bafumana i-Td-kwaye baphinde bagonywe malunga ne-tetanus okanye ngaphandle kwecandelo le-pertussis ubuncinane kanye kunye neminyaka eyi-10. I-HCP abakhulelweyo kufuneka bafumane i-Tdap ngexesha lekota yesithathu yokukhulelwa.
Nangona kukho iziphakamiso, kunjalo, malunga nesigamu se-HCP zagonywa nge-Tdap ngo-2015.
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VaricellaI-Varicella, okanye inkukhu, ayikho indawo eqhelekileyo e-United States, ngenxa yokugonywa kwegciwane. Kodwa ukuqubuka kuyaqhubeka kwenzeka kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye iimeko ziyakwazi ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwizicwangciso zonyango. Esi sifo sinokuba yingozi kakhulu kwizigulane zabantu abadala abakhubazekile, kuquka nabesifazane abakhulelweyo.
Njengazinye izifo ezininzi, abantu abane-varicella abanokusulelana nosuku okanye ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba bafumane ukugqithisa. Ukuba ungumboneleli wezempilo oqhagamshelana rhoqo nezigulane, iziphumo zesifo esingaziwa singabiza. Izifundo zibonise ukuba omnye umniki-nkonzo nge-varicella angabonisa izigulane ezingama-30 kwintsholongwane, kunye nabanye abasebenzi abaninzi. Ukongezelela ekubeni engathandeki ngokupheleleyo, abantu abadala banamathuba amaninzi kakhulu e-varicella, kwaye isifo sinokuba yingozi kakhulu kubaqeshwa abakhulelweyo kunye nezigulane.
I-HCP engabonakaliyo ngaphandle kobungqina be-laboratory okanye ubungqina obunobungqina bokuxilongwa kunye ne-varicella kufuneka bafumane izilwanyana ezimbini zogonyamelo, bebehlukene ngeeveki ezine.
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MeningococcalIzifo ze-Meningococcal yintsholongwane yebhaktheriya enokubangela ukuba i- meningitis , imeko apho ububanzi bentliziyo buye bukhukhumele. Esi sifo asiqabile kodwa sinokuba sisisiseko, siphumelele ekulahlekeni kwesigxina, ukungazithulu, okanye ukufa kwimiba yeeyure kuphela. Iintsholongwane kunye nabantu abadala abasemngciphekweni.
Akuqhelekanga ukuba i-HCP ixilwe ngamagciwane e-meningococcal kwizigulane zabo, kodwa kunokwenzeka, ngakumbi kulabo baqhagamshelana ngqo kunye neminyango yokuphefumula yomuntu osulelekileyo-ngelixa ulawula indlela yokuhamba ngomoya ngexesha lokuvuselela, umzekelo-okanye ibhaktheriya ngokwayo kwiziko lebhubhoratri.
Ukuba ungo-HCP odla ngokuqhagamshelana ngqo nezigulane, okanye ukuba uphatha iimboniselo kwibhuyibhile, kufuneka ufumane umthamo owodwa wokugonya kwe-meningococcal.
ILizwi
Oogqirha, abahlengikazi, abancedisi bezonyango kunye nezinye i-HCP zibamba indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni impilo yoluntu. Uyakhathalela abasemngciphekweni phakathi kwethu, kwaye ngenxa yoko, uzibeke engozini, kwakhona, kwizifo eziyingozi ozenzayo. Ukugonywa ngenye yezinyathelo ezibalulekileyo wena njengomboneleli wonyango onokuzithatha ukuze angakhuseli nje wena, kodwa kunye nezigulane ozikhathalelayo.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Iiglofu ezikhuthaziweyo zabasebenzi bezeMpilo.
> I-Action Coalition Yokugonywa. Izonyango zabasebenzi beNtsholongwane . 2016.
> McLean H, Fiebelkorn A, Temte J. Ukukhusela imasisi, i-rubella, isifo se-rubella syndrome, kunye nama-mumps, ngo-2013: Iingcomo zengqungquthela zeKomidi elicebisayo malunga neMigudu yokuViliswa (ACIP). Ukunyangwa nokufa kweeNgxelo zeveki. 2013; 62 (RR04): 1-34.
> Shefer A, Atkinson W, Friedman C, et al; Ukugonywa kwabasebenzi bonyango: Iziphakamiso zeKomidi elicebisayo malunga neMigudu yokuPhepha (ACIP). Ukunyangwa nokufa kweeNgxelo zeveki . 2011; 60 (RR07): 1-45.
> Williams WW, Lu P, O'Halloran A, et al; Ukuqwalasela ukukhutshwa kwegciwane phakathi kwabantu abadala - eMelika, ngo-2015. Ukunyangwa nokufa kweeNgxelo zeveki. 2017; 66 (011): 1-28.