Indlela yokwahlula i-Dodgy Science kwiNkcazo yezoNyango
I-quackery yonyango ichazwe ngokungaqhelekanga njengendlela yokwenza isicatshulwa ubuxoki njengento yonyango. Ayisoloko iyenzeka ngenjongo yokufumana imali kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ukudibanisa okanye ukunyanisekisa into yokuba uhambelane neenkolelo zakho okanye iinkolelo zakho.
Xelela i-Tale Signs ye-Quackery yonyango
Iingxowa zonyango ziza kubonisa ukuba zinezakhono okanye iingcamango ezibafanelekayo njengeengcali okanye zifihliweyo iimfihlakalo ukuba oorhulumente kunye nezoshishino bafuna ukuzikhusela.
Amaxesha amaninzi enza amacala afanelekileyo aqinisekisayo, enoba aphethe iinkcukacha zobungcali ezibabonelela ngenhlonipho.
I-Quackery ingafikelela kubantu ngabanye okanye kumaqela aphikisayo inzululwazi ("abachasayo"), ngubani oya kumisa iimboniselo zabo zokungaboni ngokukhetha ngokukhethekileyo iziphi iinqununu zesayensi ukuba zamkele kwaye zingayithobeli. Ingabandakanywa nabenzi bezinto ezithile zokuthengisa kunye nezongezelelo, abaxhomekeke ngokukhawuleza ngeenzuzo zonyango ezingazange zenziwe.
Naphezu kwemizamo ye-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ukukhupha amanqaku, i-intanethi namhlanje ihamba nemveliso kunye neenkqubo ezibiza ukuba zonyango-kwaye zonyango-yonke into esuka kumdlavuza wesifo sikashukela kuGawulayo .
Ingxaki kunye neengqungquthela kukuba le nkcazo ibonakala ibonisa ukuba kukho into ephantse iphosa, ikhangeleka kalula kwaye ikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa inyaniso elula kukuba ukugqithiswa kwezonyango kuyaphumelela ngokusungula ukungathandabuzeki kunye nokwesaba kwabantu abasengozini, bethembisa uhlobo oluthile lwezonyango ezinokuthi isayensi ayinakukwazi ukuyenza.
Ukufaka inyaniso yezokwelapha kwi-sseudoscience ngezinye iinkcukacha kuya kuba nzima. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izikhombisi ezininzi zokuxhomekeka xa zijongene nesayensi engaqinisekanga okanye engaqinisekanga.
Iingxelo zeDodgy
Ukuze ukwanelise ukuhlolisiswa kohlolo lokuziphatha, izazinzulu zenzululwazi ziza kubhekisela kuzo zonke iinkalo zabo zophando ngokuchanezela iinkcukacha, ukuvumela oontanga ukuba acacise ingcamango malunga nendlela izigqibo eziye zabanjwa ngayo.
Yingakho ukufakwa kweepakethe zonyango zide kwaye zinkimbinkimbi-kungekuphela nje ukudlula ummiselo wezomthetho kodwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke ubungqina obufanelekileyo bafumaneka phambi kwendawo nokuba wena, njengomthengi, awukwazi ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo.
Akwanele, umzekelo, ukuvuma ukuba "oogqirha abane kwabangamahlanu bahlolisise" ukuxhasa umkhiqizo othile ngokungazi ukuba bangaphi oogqirha abaye bahlolisiswa; Ziziphi iindidi zeemibuzo ezacelwa; oye waxhaswa uphando; kwaye apho uphando lupapashwe khona. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa ukuba ibango lezonyango ezinzulu.
Izigulane zonyango ziza kushiya izikhokelo zonyango ekuphandweni kwazo okanye zibonelele ngeendlela ezingenazo iindlela zokufikelela kwiingxelo zangempela (umzekelo, ngokubeka uluhlu lweNew England Journal of Medicine, 2014 kunye nenye into).
Elinye iqhinga eliqeshwe ngokugqithiseleyo ngamagqabi ayingqamaniso-engumntu oyedwa, oku kuthetha uluhlu lwezifundo ezenziwe ngumntu omnye okanye iqumrhu. Iziganeko ezi zinto ziyenziwa ngabantu abathengisa umkhiqizo, okanye ngumbutho onobumbano ongazichazanga kakuhle uxhumano lwabo kuphando.
Oku akuthi yonke imveliso okanye ukuxhaswa uhlangabezana nazo zifuna uluhlu lweenkcukacha zeenkcazelo ukwenzela ukuba zithathwe njengento yinyani. Kodwa ukuba ngaba ukhangele ibango lonyango elibonakala lihle kakhulu ukuba liyinyani, zibuze: luphi ubungqina bokwenene?
Unyango lwezoNyango
Njalo usolungela nayiphi na imveliso, isistim okanye inkqubo ethembisa ukulungelelanisa lonke uluhlu lwezifo. Oku kudla ngokubonakalayo kunye nezilungiso ezingekho phantsi kwe-HIV ezifuna ukukhuthaza ukuphendula komzimba womntu, iimigaqo zazo zisetyenziselwa naziphi na inani lezifo ezinxulumene nezizihambelanayo.
Xa umbango weemveliso ukhathalela, umzekelo, i-HIV, umdlavuza, kunye nesifo senhliziyo, isiseko salo ibango libonisa ukuba i-pathogenesis yezi zigulo zinjalo-kwaye akunjalo nje
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho izidakamizwa ezininzi kwiimarike ezinezicelo ezingaphezulu kweyonyango (aspirin, umzekelo).
Kodwa xa kukho nawuphi na umkhiqizo okhuthazelayo ngokwabo njengonyango (okanye ukunciphisa impembelelo) kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezifo ezingathandanga, qaphela.
Ubungqina bezonyango okanye iiAnecdotes
Ubungqina bonyango bunengxaki nakwiinkqubo zokuthengisa izidakamizwa zangoku, apho umntu uya kuthi, kumabonwakude okanye ukupapasha isikhangiso, ukuba isilwanyana okanye umkhiqizo othile uphucule njani ubomi bakhe. Umkhuba ongenakunqwenela ukuba thina, njengabathengi, siphila kunye nemini kwaye enye ngamanye amaxesha uhamba umgca omhle phakathi kokukhangisa nokunyanzelisa.
Yinto efanayo efanayo evame ukuthotyelwa ngabaphandi abathintekayo. Esikhundleni sokubonelela ngenzululwazi ekhankanyiweyo ekuxhaseni amabango abo, izikhokelo ziza kuxhomekeka kuphela kubungqina bobuqhetseba okanye ubungqina obusuka enhliziyweni njengobungqina bemveliso yabo eyiyo.
Ngoko, ubuza njani, umntu unokutshela umahluko phakathi kwesayensi yesayensi kunye nenzululwazi yinyani ukuba sibona indlela efanayo ekuthatyathwa kwimveliso yezonyuka kunye nezindleko zokuncedisa ukutya, umzekelo? Umbuzo onobuhle kwaye uhlala unzima.
Okokuqala, zikhumbuze ukuba izidakamizwa, iivithamini, kunye nezongezelelo zilawulwa ngokwahlukileyo kunokuba izidakamizwa zonyango, ekugqibeleni ezifuna ukuhlolwa kovavanyo oluhambelanayo ukuze kufumaneke imvume ye-FDA.
Yinto enye kwimveliso ukuba ibone ukuba uyomomotheka ngakumbi kwaye ulunge ngakumbi xa ulisebenzisa. Enye ukuba imveliso ibanga ukunyanga okanye ukuphilisa isifo esithile. Ukuba ukhe udibana nomkhiqizo onjalo, thabatha naluphi na ubungqina obona ngqolowa yetyuwa. Sebenzisa umgwebo wakho obalaseleyo kwaye, bhetele kunjalo, qha ga mshelana nodokotela wakho ngcebiso.
"Amakhulu Eminyaka" yobu bungqina
Ukuthandwa kwezilwanyana zasemakhaya kunye namayeza aqhelekileyo anjengamayeza aseTshayina avame ukuxhaswa yiziphi iingcali eziya kusikhumbuza. Kwaye kulungile. Inyaniso yokuba ethile imveliso okanye ubuchule sele ifunyenwe zizigidi ngaphaya kwezizukulwana zibonisa iingeniso ezingalunganga ukuzigxotha ngokucacileyo.
Ngaphandle kwabadlali be-HIV, inani leemveliso zendalo zihlala ziqeshwe, kubandakanywa, umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-capsicum (isicatshulwa esitholakala kwi-pepper pepper) esenokuthi sinciphise intlungu enxulumene ne- peripheral neuropathy .
Kodwa inyaniso yokuba into ethile ijikeleze kangangokuba ihlala iguqulelwe kwiimarike ezinkulu zabathengi. Sazibonela nge kava kava, isityalo esasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiSouth Pacific ngenxa yeempawu zayo eziphumayo kunye nezixhatshazo. Ifomu efumanayo, kuthengiswa kwi-counter kwiYurophu nakwiMntla Melika, kubangelwa ukuba kubangele ukufa kwabantu abaninzi ngenxa yezinto ezinobuthi ezinobungozi be-kava kava. Ngenxa yoko, amanye amazwe aye avimbele ukuthengiswa kwemveliso nangayiphi na ifomu.
Inyaniso yokuba into ethile ibe yimihla ngemihla ayinayo, kwaye yona ngokwayo, ukuxhaswa kwezibonelelo zayo. Nangona kukho indawo eninzi yonyango olongezelelweyo , olubandakanya kunyango lwe-HIV , ungashukunyiswa yiintengiso ezisekela izibango zabo "ngobulumko bendala" okanye zingaphi ikhulu leminyaka kuye kwaba nemveliso.
Yenza uphando lwakho, kwaye uzazise ugqirha wakho ukuba ukhetha ukusebenzisa nayiphi na uhlobo leyeza ezincedisayo.
"Inzululwazi Akwazi Konke"
Le ngongomnye umxholo othi oogqirha bezobugqirha kunye nezikhalazo banokuvumelana ngoku: isayensi ayikwazi yonke into. Yaye yile ngongoma. Injongo yenzululwazi yezokwelapha kukuba ingabonakali kuphela into efunyanwa kwiphando kodwa oko kungayifumani. Inyaniso yokuba into eboniswa ukuba ayifanelekanga ayithethi ukuba yinto ephosakeleyo. Kuthetha nje ukuba thina, njengabantu besayensi, abazi.
Okufanayo akunakutsholwa kwenzululwazi yesigxina. Ngentliziyo yayo, ukukhungulwa komzimba kubonakaliswa ngokuxothwa kwezesayensi yendabuko ngumntu okanye iqela, ngelixa bekunqwenela ukuvuma ukungathandabuzeki ngokuqinisekiswa kobugcisa babo. Akukho ndawo yokufumana i-introspection; akukho ukungaqiniseki ukuba kuhlolwe. I-quacks ibonisa "isayensi" yabo njengobubungqina ngelixa ukudweba ngokwabo njengabavakalisi bokwenyaniso banqatshelwe nguRhulumente, iinkampani okanye ukusekwa kwezonyango.
Ingaba ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo, umgca weqhinga uqhuba ezininzi iingxabano zabo, kwaye yingxaki. Ngokuqulunqa iimveliso zabo ngendlela enjalo-njengokuba "inyaniso echasayo" okanye "imfihlo evezwe" -iinkqubo zijolise ekunciphiseni ukuzithemba umntu ongeyena kuphela kwisayensi yokuziphatha kodwa kwinkqubo yezempilo.
Ngokuzichaza zakho iimpawu-zakho iimvakalelo ezinokuthi ungabambelela ngoorhulumente, iziphathamandla zempilo okanye unyango ngokwawo-unokukwazi ukwahlula ngakumbi isayensi kwi-pseudo-science kunye nokugwema ukuxhamla kwimveliso echitha imali yakho okanye, ngokubi kakhulu, yenza indawo yakho impilo kwimngcipheko.
Imithombo:
US Administration and Drug Administration (FDA). "Indlela i-FDA ihlola ngayo iiMveliso eziMiselweyo: iziPhuzo." Silver Silver, eMaryland.
I-Library yase-US yeCongress. "Umbhalo oYilwayo - i-103rd Congress (1993-1994) S.784.ES - UMthetho wezeMpilo wezeMpilo kunye neMfundo ka-1994 ." Washington DC; papashwa ngoJanuwari 25, 1994.
ILayibrari yeSizwe ka-US yamayeza. I-Drug Record - Kava Kava (i-Piper methysticum). " EBethesda, eMaryland.
UHaanpää, M. kunye noTreede, R. "I-Capsaicin ye-Pauro ne-Neuropathic Pain: Ukudibanisa iMicrosoft Medicine ne-Biology Biology." Neurology yaseYurophu. Novemba 2102; 68 (5): 264-275.