Isiqalo esicothayo kodwa ngoku siqhuba inkqubela phambili kunye nethemba
Ngamnye unayo ibali lakho lokuba i-MS ikhuphe njani indlela eya kuyo okanye ebomini bakho obathandayo kunye nendlela eye yachaphazela ngayo ubuhlobo bakho, iinkolelo kunye nenhlalakahle. I-multiple sclerosis inayo ibali layo-elinye elixhomekeke njengempawu ezibangelwayo kunye neengxabano zihlala zichaphazela ubomi bethu.
Ngokuxelela ibali le-multiple sclerosis, unethemba lokufumana ingqiqo malunga nendlela esikude ngayo ekuqondeni isifo esiyinkimbinkimbi-ngokukodwa kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo-kwaye sinokukunika ingcamango yethemba lokuba yintoni ezayo.
Iindaba zokuqala ze-Probable Multiple Sclerosis
Enye yeengxelo zokuqala ezibhaliweyo ze-sclerosis ezininzi zachazwa kwii-archives zeVatican ngekhulu le-14. Kwimiqulu yolondolozo, iimpawu zikaSt. Ludwina waseSchiedam zachazwa emva kokuwa kwe-skating eneminyaka eyi-16.
Wabuya ngokukhawuleza ukuwa kodwa waqhubeka eneziqendu zobuthakathaka bomlenze, iingxaki zombono, kunye nokulahlekelwa kwemali. Okuthakazelisayo, umbingeleli wakhe waseParish wasikisela ukuba esi sifo sivela kuThixo, ngoko uSt. Ludwina wenza injongo yakhe yokunyamezela iimpawu ngenxa yabanye.
Kwiminyaka engama-300 kamva, iinkcazo ezichasayo ze-MS zifunyenwe kwidayari kaSir Augustus uFrederick d'Este, umzukulu kaKing George III waseNgilani. Wabhala nge-relapsing-remitting disease course apho afumana khona ukungabikho kwempilo yengqondo njengengxaki yombono (ekukholelwa ukuba yi- optic neuritis ), umbono ombini, ubuthathaka bomlenze, kunye neengxaki zesisu kunye neengxaki zesisu.
Emva koko wachaza inkqubela eqhubekayo yezifo, ekugqibeleni wamshiya embhedeni-waboshwa kwada kwafa ngo-1848 eneminyaka engama-54.
Ngomnyaka we-1824, inkcazo yokuqala yenkcazelo ye-MS yachazwa nguDkt Charles-Prosper Ollivier d'Angers. Ngomsebenzi wakhe obhaliweyo, wachaza inkwenkwe eneminyaka eli-17 ubudala eyayineenkampu zokuhamba kunye neengxaki zesibindi eziye zadlukiswa xa zichazwa kwi-spa efudumele-ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yi- Uhthoff .
I-Multiple Sclerosis IZifo Ezihlukileyo
Ngomnyaka we-1868, uJean-Martin Charcot, i-neurologist yaseParis, wafunda umfazi omncinci ngeentlanzi, intetho eqhutywe, kunye nokunyuka kwamehlo okungavamile (okubizwa ngokuba yi- nystagmus ). Xa lo mfazi efile, wahlola ingqondo yakhe kwi-autopsy waza wachaza " iipliti " ze-multiple sclerosis, eyaziwa ngokuba zizikrakra okanye izilonda.
Emva koko, kwichungechunge lweentetho, uCharcot uchaze kwaye wachaza i-sclerosis ezininzi kunye nesayensi emva kwayo-indlela i-myelin ejikeleze iimbilini ze-nervous imonakalo. Sekunjalo, ke, wayexakeka yiyo "kutheni" emva kwe-MS okanye indlela yokuyiphatha ngayo.
Ngoku siyazi ukuba isimiso sokuzivikela sisisombululo emva kokulimala kwe-myelin kwi-MS. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha likaCharcot, abantu babengayazi i-MS yayisifo esiphelelwe ngumzimba okanye ukuba isistim somzimba sasikhona.
Nangona izazinzulu kunye noogqirha bexhaswa yi-MS, kwaqatshelwa ngokusemthethweni njengesifo esicacileyo ngo-1878. Ngeli xesha, izazinzulu zaqala ukuphawula impawu ezininzi ze-MS eziyimpawu ebalulekileyo namhlanje, njengale:
- I-MS ixhaphake kakhulu kubasetyhini kunamadoda.
- I-MS yisifo esichaphazelekayo (kuthetha ukuba abantu abane-MS baneempawu ezikhethekileyo).
- Ingqongileyo (ngaphezu kweendalo zegesi) idlala indima enoba umntu akhulanga i-MS okanye akukho.
- I-MS iqheleke kakhulu kubantu abahlala kumantla ekumntla.
Ngoxa inkqubela eyenziwe ekuqondeni kangcono iMMS, kwakusenokwenza inkqubela kwinkqubo yokuphatha i-MS. Enyanisweni, usenokumangaliswa ukufumana ezinye zeendlela zokwelapha ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha abantu abane-MS (okungazange isebenze):
- ukuyeka igazi
- ukuxhamla kwiitempile
- yokutya inyama
- arsenic
- ukuvuselela ugesi
- iilenki zegolide nesiliva
Imodeli yezilwanyana ze-MS ifunyanwe
Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi ephumelelayo ye-MS kubonakala kubangela ukuba ososayensi kunye nophando kwi-MS baqhubekele ukuguquka. Emva koko uMbutho woPhando kwi-Nervous and mental illness (ARNMD) wabumba ngo-1921, ukuvumela imibono kunye nophando kwi-MS ukuba iqulunqwe kwaye ihlanganiswe ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo.
Ukufumanisa okukhulu kwenzeka ngo-1935 xa uDkt. Thomas Rivers kwisixeko saseNew York wathola umzekelo wezilwanyana ze-MS, obizwa ngokuba yi-experimental encephalomyelitis (EAE). Wenza oku ngokugonywa izilwanyana nge-myelin enempilo aze avelise ukuhlaselwa kwe-immune system kwi-myelin yezilwanyana.
Imodeli ye-EAE ngoku yintloko yamatye kwi-MS yophando. Enyanisweni, unyango luqale luhlolwe kwi-EAE ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kubantu. Lo mzekelo wezilwanyana ekugqibeleni wagqugquzela ukuba i-MS iyisifo esichasene nomzimba-nangona le nxu lumano ayiyi kuhlanganiswa de kube ngama-1950.
Ubhengezo noPhando kwi-Multiple Sclerosis
Ngo-1945, umfazi ogama linguSylvia Lawry wabeka isikhangiso kwiNew York Times (umntakwabo uBenjamin wayephethe i-MS) echaza "I-Multiple sclerosis: ngaba ngubani oya kuwufumana kuyo nceda uqhagamshelane nesigulane."
Ininzi yezimpendulo zamphefumlela ukuba ziqalise umbutho weenkokheli ezili-11 ze-neurology kunye nabanye abavakalisi kunye nabahlobo, ababizwa ngokuba ngu-National MS Society. Umthetho kaMthetho udibene noMbutho weSizwe we-MS waza wenza ukusekwa kweNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ngo-1950.
Ngokubunjwa kwala maqela aneempembelelo, uphando nge-MS luye lwachuma. Nazi ezinye iziphumo zophando kunye neengcamango eziguquke ngexesha le-1900:
- ukubunjwa kwe-myelin kunye nendima yayo ekutshaleni kwenzwa
- ubudlelwane phakathi komzimba womzimba kunye nobuchopho kunye nomgudu womgogodla (kwaye loo MS yayisifo esiphathelene nomzimba)
- ukufunyanwa kwee-oligoclonal bands kwi-spin fluid yabantu abane-MS
- ingcinga yokuba intsholongwane ingabangela okanye ithathe inxaxheba ekuphuhlisweni kwe-MS
- ukufumanisa iigesi ezixhunywe kwi-MS
- ukuqulunqwa kwezikhokelo zokuxilonga i-MS
Sekunjalo, ngeli xesha, ii-MS zonyango zazingakhange zifundwe ngokwesayensi, zithetha ukuba zithathwe kwimbono kwaye ayikho idatha evela kwizifundo. Ngokomzekelo, iingcali ezininzi ngelo xesha zazikholelwa ukuba i-MS ivela kwiingxaki zeetyhulwa zegazi, ngoko ke abantu abane-MS baphathwe ngegazi.
I-MS yeSayensi yeSifundo seSibini
Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1969, uvavanyo lokuqala olulawulwa ngabantu abane-MS lwagqitywa. Kuhlolisiso, abathathi-nxaxheba abanamava aphindaphindiweyo e-MS afunyenwe yi-ACTH okanye i-placebo. I-ACTH iyi-hormone ekhishwa ngokugqithisileyo nge-pituitary gland (intsimbi encinci ye-pea-brain). Ikhuthaza ukuveliswa kwe-steroids, eyenza ukukhusela umzimba womzimba
Iziphumo zityhila ukuba iqela elafumana i-ACTH ngokumalunga nalabo abafumana indawo ye-placebo bafumana ukuhlaziywa ngokukhawuleza ekuhlaselweni kwabo kwe-MS. Olu pho nonongo lubaluleke kakhulu ekutyhileni ukuba i-steroids inokunciphisa ukuvuvukala kwe- MS kwakhona . Oko kuthethwa, i-steroids ayicinci ukuqhubela phambili kwe-MS.
Ukucingwa kweMatrice Sclerosis
Izixhobo zokucinga ngokukhawuleza zaphuhliswa ezenza ukuba oogqirha bakwazi ukujonga kakuhle umsebenzi wesifo se-MS. Ezi ziquka ukuhlolwa kwe-CAT yokuqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, kulandelwa ngamathuba okukhutshwa , kwaye ekugqibeleni, i-MRIs isetyenziswe okokuqala ekuqaleni kwee-1980 ukujonga ngeso lengqondo ingqondo yomntu one-MS. I-teknoloji ye-MRI iye yaqhubeka iguquka ngokukhulu kwaye iguqulele ukuxilongwa kwe-MS kunye nokuqaphela indlela umntu ophendula ngayo unyango.
Unyango lwe Multiple Sclerosis
Ngentuthuko eyinkimbinkimbi ekufikeni kweengcamango kwafika izifundo kwiimpawu zakwa-MS. Ezi zonyango, ezibizwa ngokuba yimishanguzo yokuguqula izifo, zitholwe ukunciphisa inani kunye nobukhulu be-MS kwakhona-nangona kungaphilanga i-MS okanye ukukhusela iimpawu eziqhubekayo ezinjengokukhathala okanye iingxaki ezivame ukuza zize kubantu abane-MS. Ezi zonyango ziquka:
- Isifo sokuqala sokuguqula isifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-Betaseron (interferon beta-1b), savunywa ngo-1993. Kwalandelwa ngu-Avonex (i-interferon beta-1a), iRebif (i-interferon beta-1a) kunye neCopaxone (i-acetate ye-glatiramer).
- Ngo-2006, owokuqala ushicilele unyango lwavunyelwa kwi-MS ebizwa ngokuba nguTysabri (natalizumab) .
- Ngo-2010, imithi yokuqala ye-MS yomlomo yavunywa, ebizwa ngokuba yiGilenya (fingolimod), eyanikezela ukhetho kubantu abangenako ukunyamezela imishanguzo efunekayo ukuba ijojowe okanye abantu abaqhutywe yi-MS baqhubeka bexakeka nangona unyango lwe-interferon.
- Oku kwalandelwa ukuvunyelwa kwemithi emibili yomlomo, iAubagio (teriflunomide) ngo-2012 kunye neTecfidera (dimethyl fumarate) ngo-2013.
- Ngomnyaka we-2014, omnye usenokuphazamisa imithi ebizwa ngokuba yiLemtrada (alemtuzumab) yavunywa kubantu abangenayo impendulo enganeleyo kwiimpawu ezimbini okanye ezinye izifo eziguqula izifo.
- Ngo-2016, i- Zinbryta (daclizumab), elinye iyeza elinojojovu lavunywa.
- Ngo-2017, i- Ocrevus (ocrelizumab) yavunywa ukuba ingaphathi kuphela iifom ze-MS kuphela kodwa kwakhona i-MS ephambili-ye-first-treatment ye-MS yokwenza oku, okukhuthazayo.
Ikusasa leMatriple Sclerosis
Ixesha elizayo le-MS liqaqambile, njengoko iingcali ziqhubeka zilungelelanisa ulwazi lwabo kwaye zandise iingcinga zabo zophando. Omnye ummandla omkhulu wophando okwenzekayo ngoku ukufundiswa kwe-myelin. Nangona iinyanga zokugqibela ezingama-40 zijolise kwi-immune system kunye nendlela umonakalo we-myelin onokuthintelwa ngayo, iingcali ngoku zijonga indlela ubuchopho buya kubuyiselwa ngayo i-myelin xa sele yonakaliswe-imbono yenene ngokwenene yokuphilisa.
Olunye uphulo oluphandleyo lophando lubandakanya indima yokutya, umthambo webholongwane, i- vitamin D, kunye nokuguquka kwemvelo kwi-MS. Kwakhona kuqwalaselwe ukuba iindlela zokuncedisa, ezifana ne yoga, zinokunceda umntu ukulawula iimpawu zabo ngcono.
Ekugqibeleni, iingcali zifumene iindlela zokunceda abantu abane-MS baphile ngokukhululekile. Ukususela kwimithi yokuvuselela iimeko eziza kunceda abantu baqine ithoni ye-muscle emva kokuphindaphinda ekusebenziseni iinkqubo ezibanceda abantu balwe noxinzelelo lwe-MS , abaninzi abantu abane-MS kunye nabathandekayo babo banako ukuphila kakuhle kwesi sifo-ukufezekiswa okuphawulekayo kwedwa.
ILizwi
Ibali le-MS liza kuqhubeka, njengendlela ephikisayo, ephikisayo yokuqonda esi sifo esiyinkimbinkimbi kunye nayo yonke imiba kunye nemfihlelo yayo iyaqhubeka. Kodwa inkqubela eyenziwe kwiminyaka engama-20 edluleyo ikhulu. Kwaye, kukho ithemba-ithemba eligcinwe ngabo bafumana i-MS yonke imihla kwaye bayazi ukuba unyango luza kufika ngolunye usuku, ukuba kungenjalo kuthi, kunabo abo emva kwethu.
> Imithombo:
> Birnbaum, MD George. Ngo-2013. I- Multiple Sclerosis: Isikhokelo soMtholampilo woNyango kunye noNyango, uNgqungquthela wesi-2. ENew York, eNew York. I-Oxford University Press.
> Murray TJ. Imbali ye-multiple sclerosis: isimo esitshintshayo sesifo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane. J Neurol Sci. 2009 Feb 1; 277 I-Suppl 1: S3-8.
> I-MS Society Society. 2016. Izifo-Ukuguqulwa kwezilwanyana ze-MS .
> Rolak LA. 2016. UMbutho weSizwe we-MS: Imbali ye-MS: Izinto eziSiseko.
> Rolak LA. MS: IiNqobo eziSiseko. Clin Med Res . 2003; 1 (1): 61-62.