Indlela yokukhusela kule ntsho longwane
Ukuxhamla kwamagundane kukhulu. Ukuba uhlala kwezinye iindawo (njengoMzantsi-ntshona wase-US) bangaba ngaphezu kobunzima. Zingakhokelela kwintsholongwane engozini ebizwa ngokuba yi-hantavirus. Le ntsholongwane isasazwa ngamagundane, ngokukodwa iidonsa zabo. Kwaye nangona unesifo sengculaza sinokubaluleka, ungathatha amanyathelo ambalwa okulula ukunciphisa ingozi yakho.
Yintoni iHantavirus?
Yintsho yesifo esinokukwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuphefumula.
Ingakwazi ukuqhubela kwisifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. I-Hantaviruses inxalenye yentsapho ye-bunyavirus yeentsholongwane. Zonke ezinye iintsholongwane kule ntsapho zi sasazwa ngamathambo (njengezinambuzane) ngaphandle kwee-hantaviruses. Ezi zi-virus zeRNA.
Uninzi lwabantu abafumana i-hantavirus banokukhathala, banomkhuhlane, kunye namava amanama. Iimisipha ezithengisa kakhulu zininzi izihlunu, kubandakanywa namathanga, iinqumlo, umva, ngamanye amahlombe.
Abanye abagulayo banako ukuva iintloko, ukubola, kunye nesisu, kunye nesicathulo, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, kunye / okanye iintlungu zesisu. Phantse isiqingatha esiya kugula sinaloo mpawu.
Abanye baqhubeka nokuphuhlisa iimpawu ezinzima. Oku kwenzeka malunga neentsuku ezi-4 ukuya kwe-10 emva kokuqala kweempawu. Izimpawu ezinzima ziquka ukuphefumula nokukhwehlela. Kule ngongoma, imiphunga ingakwazi ukuzalisa nge-fluid yenza kube nzima ukuba izigulane ziphefumule.
Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuthatha iiveki ezilisibhozo ukuya kutshatyalaliswa kumagundane (okanye i-droppings) ukugula.
Bangaphi abantu abachaphazelekayo yiHantavirus?
Kulabo bahlakulela iHantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, aba-3 ukuya kwe-4 kwabangama-10 bayafa (ngama-36 ukuya kuma-38 ekhulwini abantu).
Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abantu abaye bavelisa iHPS.
Isifo esingavamile. Ukususela ngo-1993 ukuya ekuqaleni kuka-2016, kukho kuphela amacala angama-659 achazwe e-US Ngaphambi kuka-1993, eso sifo sasingabonakaliswa ngokusemthethweni (nangona matyala afunyenwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, okuzisa inani eli-690).
Ufumana njani iHantavirus?
Ufumana i-hantavirus kwiigulane. Amagundane kunye neerati ezinentsholongwane azigula. Bayakwazi ukukhawuleza baze bachithe intsholongwane ngenxa ye-urine kunye ne-droppings. Intsholongwane iyakwazi ukusabalalisa nge-saliva, nto leyo ithetha ukuba nantoni na ayifumayo ukutya okanye isidleke singakwazi ukuthwala intsholongwane. Kwimeko yendalo, intsholongwane inokuhlala iintsuku eziliqela ekumiseni imisipha, umchamo, kunye namathe.
Kukho iindlela ezininzi esinokudibanisa kunye ne-mouse drops, urine, kunye namathe ngaphandle kokwazi. Ukubonakaliswa kunoku:
- I-Airborne: umchamo, i-droppings, i-particle ze-sali zikhutshwe emoyeni
- Ukuqhagamshelana ngqo: ukuchukumisa umchamo, ukudonsa, umquba
- Ukuluma kumgudu osulelekileyo okanye i-rat
Oku kunokusukela ekucoceni igumbi lokugcina apho amagundane okanye iilisi zenze isidleke siphume kumaphephancwadi. Inokuba yindawo yokuhamba kwindawo kunye neenkampu kwindawo echaphazelekayo. Inokusukela ekucoceni umbhede, apho iigundane ziye zangena kwiingcushion. Inokuthi ivela ekutshitsheni nasekuthumeleleni i-droppings kunye nezinye iincinci emoyeni, ezinokuphefumula.
Kwakhona kunokusukela ekucoceni i-cabin ehlobo emva kobusika obude, xa kuphela iigundane ebezingaphakathi ngaphakathi kwelo xesha.
Ngamanye amazwi, kukho ezininzi, iindlela ezininzi zokudibanisa kunye nezixhobo eziphathekayo ezihlaselwe ngamagundane anesifo, ukuba iifomentshi zitheleleke.
Uphi iHantavirus?
Ngethamsanqa, ezininzi iindawo azifumaneki iigundane okanye amagundane. I-Hantavirus isoloko ifunyenwe isele kwindawo e-Four Corners yase-United States. Oku kuquka iArizona, iNew Mexico, iColorado, ne-Utah, kunye neentlanga zaseNavajo ne-Hopi kule ndawo.
Amacala athile afumaneka kwezinye iindawo ezikufuphi: I-California (kuquka iYosemite National Park), eWashington, eTexas, e-Montana, e-Idaho, eKansas, eMzantsi Dakota, e-North Dakota nase-Oregon.
Iintsholongwane ezihlobene neHantavirus
Kuye kubekho iimeko ezifanayo ze-hantaviruses kwamanye amazwe ase-US. E-Louisiana, kukho inyango yeBayou eqhutywe ngedayisi yerayisi. EFlorida, kuneNtsholongwane yaseCream Creek Canal. ENew York, kwakukho imeko yesifo sengqobzana ngoku esibizwa ngokuba yiNew York-1. Izifo ezibangelwa ezi zigulo ezinjalo azihlali zifanayo, kodwa kukho ukufana.
Abanye baye bagula ngeengqungquthela ezinxulumene ne-Argentina, eBrazil, eCanada, eParaguay nase-Uraguay.
Kukho ezinye iindibano ezinxulumene ne-Europe kunye ne-Asia ezixhatshazwayo ezibangelwa zizifo ezibuhlungu, kodwa ezihlukileyo: umkhuhlane wegazi kunye ne-renal syndrome (HFRS). Oku kubangelwa yintsholongwane yePuumala (i-PUUV) efunyenwe ngokukhethekileyo eFinland naseSweden, kunye neendawo ezinamahlathi aseBelgium, eJamani naseNetherlands kwaye zisasazeka ngeemoto. Inokubangelwa yintsholongwane ye-Tula (TULV), i-Hantaan virus (HTNV) kunye ne-Seoul virus (SEOV).
Ziziphi Iidonti Zingozi?
Kumazwe nakwamanye amazwe apho kukho iHantavirus, kungekhona zonke iigundane kunye neerati eziza ku sulelwa. Iintlobo ezithile kuphela ezinokuthwala i-Hantavirus kunye neentsholongwane ezithile zizodwa kwiingcongolo ezithile. Ezi zijonge zivame ukufumaneka kwindawo ezithile.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamagundane kunye neerati ezingasasaza intsholongwane. Iindonga ezahlukeneyo zazisasaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-hantavirus.
- Umdaka we mouse ungasasaza intsholongwane (iSin number SNV). Bahlala ezintlangeni eMntla Melika, kodwa banokuhlala kwindawo zentlango nasemakhaya nasemadolobheni.
- I-cotton rat ingasasaza intsholongwane (intsholongwane ye-Black Creek Canal BCCV). Bahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-US kunye ne-Central kunye neMzantsi Melika. Bahlala kwi-overgrowth (izihlahla kunye neengca ezide). Bayakwazi ukuyenza kwiidolophu ukuba iimeko zichanekile.
- I-rice rat isincinci elincinci elithwala elinye inkunkuma ebizwa ngokuba yi-Bayou. Kwakhona kwisezantsi-mpuma ye-US kunye ne-Central America. Uhlala kwimimandla yamanzi kwaye uyakwazi ukubhukuda.
- Imouse ehamba ngamhlophe ibukeka njenge mouse, kodwa inayo intsholongwane eyahlukileyo (iNtsholongwane yeNew York NYV). Kusempuma ye-US, ukusuka kwingxenyana esezantsi yeNew England ukuya eMid-Atlantic (NY and NJ) ukuya kumazwe asezantsi. Inokufumaneka nakwi-Midwest kunye neWest of the US, kunye neMexico. Iphila ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo ezikhuni okanye ezinobusi kodwa zingaphila kwezinye iindawo.
Kunokwenzeka ukuba ezinye iicats neegundane ezithwala iHantavirus ezingakhokelela kwi-HPS kodwa azange zifumaneke. Kukho ezinye iipirisi ezithwala iintsholongwane ezifanayo ezenza enye i-Hantavirus isifo: i-HFRS (i-fever ephezulu kunye ne-renal syndrome).
Uhlala Ukhuselekile njani?
Nangona kukho iindlela ezininzi zokubhenca, khumbula ukuba i-hantavirus ayidlangalaleni. Ukongezelela, kukho amanyathelo amaninzi onokuthatha ukuze uhlale ukhuselekile.
Izinto zokuqala zokuqala, ugweme iigundane, i-droppings, umchamo, kunye nantoni na enokuthi bayifake okanye bayidle. Kwakhona, gweba indawo engaba yiyo: iikhabhi ezilahliwe, amagumbi okugcina, angaziwa, indawo, okanye ezinye iindawo. Gcina ukutya ngaphakathi kweenkonkxa zokufaka iimpawu okanye kwifriji okanye efrijini. Qinisekisa ukuba unamathele nayiphi na imingxuma kwiindonga okanye kwi-flooring apho ungena khona.
Ngamanye amagama, yenza kube nzima kumagundane okanye iiliti ukuba ungene apho uhlala khona kwaye kwenzeke ukuba akunakwenzeka ukuba bafuna ukuhlala. Oku kunyanzelekile ukuba uya kuphi inkampu nalapho usebenza khona.
Okwesibini, qaphela indlela uhlambulukileyo ngayo, ukuba iingcongolo zingase zibe khona. Izikhokelo ezisisiseko ziquka:
- Musa ukutshitshisa, ukucoca, okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi amanzi, umchamo, izidleko, okanye ezinye izinto ezinokungcola. Oku kungaphonsa izinto ezingcolileyo emoyeni ezinokuphefumula.
- Gwema ukucoca nantoni na ngaphakathi, ukuba kunokwenzeka. Kungcono ukucoca izixhobo okanye nayiphi na enye ngaphandle. Ukukhanya kwelanga kwe-UV kunye nomoya omtsha kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wentsholongwane.
- Kulungile ukuba imithombo, umchamo kunye nezinye izinto ezihlambulukileyo zixhamle kakuhle kunye ne-disinfectant njengesixazululo se-chlorine okanye uLysol.
- Ukusebenzisa iigravu, i-latex, i-vinyl, okanye iiglavu ze-nitrile kwaye uhlamba izandla ngeesepha namanzi kunokukunceda ngokusemgangathweni ukhusele.
Abaninzi abagulayo babenokungena kwi-rat okanye kwi-droppings, kodwa akubona bonke abayaziyo ukuba baya kudibana neentonga okanye i-droppings. Khawukhumbule ukuba uhlala kwindawo enokuthi inamacembe okanye ama-droppings. Ukuba unokwenza izinto eziphathekayo, kufuneka ulandele izikhokelo ezibonelelwe nge- CDC e-US , urhulumente waseCanada kunye nomkhosi wase - US .
Ngaba Unako Ukufumana I-Hantavirus Kwomnye?
Ukuhanjiswa kweHantavirus akuzange kubonakale kuvela kumntu omnye ukuya kwelinye e-US . I-Hantavirus enxulumene nayo, i-Andes Hantavirus, iboniswe ukuba isasaze kubasebenzi bezempilo eChile naseArgentina, kodwa kunqabile.
I-Hantavirus iphathwa njani?
Izigulane zihlala ziphathwa ngaphandle kokwazi isifo esinazo ekuqaleni. Kukho ukulibaziseka ekuxilongweni, ngakumbi ukuba akukrokrelwa. Izigulane zinokuphathwa ngamachiza okulwa nezifo ezithile, njenge-leptospirosis, ezinokubangela isifo esifanayo kwaye isasazwa ngamagundane. I-Hantavirus, nangona kunjalo, yintsholongwane kwaye ayiphenduli kwii-antibiotics.
Uyazi Njani Ukuba Unayo I-Hantavirus?
Iingcali zonyango kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo zinokumrhafisa uHantavirus ukuba umntu unempawu kunye neempawu ezithile. Izigulane ezichaphazelekayo zihlala ziba nomkhuhlane kunye neengxaki zokuphefumula ngokukhawuleza. Bokuqala ukuba babe ne-fever, i-chills, i-acry muscle, i-headaches kunye ne-GI. Isi sifo siqhubeka ngokukhawuleza; Umntu omdala osempilweni unokufuna i-oxygen kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-2-3 zokufuna uncedo lwezonyango. Isi sifo singabangela iingxaki zemiphunga ezinamandla ezifuna i-oksijeni kwaye zingabonakala zichaphazele zombini imiphunga kwi-X-Ray (okanye ekuhlolweni).
Amabhanki angabonisa "ukunyuka kwamanzi" (ukuphakama kweeseli ezibomvu zegazi, okuchasene ne- anemia , enokuthi yenzeke xa umntu edibeneyo). Iibhanki zingabonisa kwakhona inani eliphezulu lamhlophe (i-neutrophils) kunye neeplatelet eziphantsi ( thrombocytopenia ). ukwahlula lo sulelo kwabanye oogqirha.
Isifo, ukuba sikhankanywe, sinokuqinisekiswa yiimvavanyo zelabhoratri. Kukho iimvavanyo zengqungquthela (i-IgM okanye i-IgG) kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-PCR. Uvavanyo lwebhabhi aluqhelekanga kwiibhedlele ezininzi. Kufuneka ithunyelwe kwirejistri yerejista.
Imbali yeHantavirus
Ngowe-1993, ukuqubuka kwintsholongwane eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Sin Number" ("ngaphandle kwegama") ngokukhawuleza kwabemi kunye nabaqeqeshi bezempilo eMzantsi-ntshona wase-US Abantu abadala abasempilweni abasempilweni banokugula, abanakho ukuphefumula, kwaye akukho xilongwe fu maneka.
Ukususela ngo-Epreli ukuya kuMeyi 1993, kukho iimeko ezingama-24 ezichongiweyo. Abalishumi elinesibini kulaba bantu bafa.
Ekugqibeleni, ukuxilongwa kwenzelwa kwaye kwafunyanwa ngenxa yentsholongwane ebizwa ngokuba yi-hantavirus. Ezinye iintlobo ze-hantaviruses zaye zabonwa ngaphambili kwenye indawo, njengaseKorea, ngaphambili, kodwa le yintsholongwane entsha (iSin Number Virus) kwi-genre evirus eyaziwayo. I-syndrome yaziwa ngokuba yi-hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba intsholongwane yayingekho entsha. Kwakuphela nje ixesha lokuqala lokuqala lonyango lonyango laqaphela lesi sifo. Ukujonga emva kweesampuli endala kuloo ndawo zifumene ukuba kukho abantu abafele ngaphandle kokuxilongwa babeneHantavirus. Icala lokuqala elichazwe ngokuvavanywa kweesampuli kwakusuka ngo-1959 kumntu oneminyaka engama-38 ubudala wase-Utah.
Ukuqaphela kwangaphambili kwesi sifo kuvela eNavajos kwiNqununu yeSine. I-Navajo zezokwelapha zazibona zifana nesifo esifana neentlanzi, kubonakala iminyaka emininzi ngaphambili.
Ngokucacileyo, le nkqubela kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba kwakukho amagundane. Le nto yayininzi ukuyenza ngesimo sezulu. Kwakukho isombele iminyaka emininzi. Amagundane kunye nabamaxhoba abo behla ngenani. Ikhephu elininzi kunye nemvula kwafika. Iigundane zanda kwinani kwaye ezinye iigundane zaqhagamshelana nabantu.
Ukongezelela, ehlobo nasekupheleni kuka-2012, iimeko ezilishumi zaqinisekiswa kulabo babesandwendwela uYosemite Park.
> Imithombo:
> I-Castillo C. Ukuxhaphaka kwama-Antibodies kwi-Hantavirus Phakathi kwabasebenzi beNtsapho kunye nabasebenzi beNkathalo yokuNxibelelana nabantu abaneHantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome: Ukungabikho koBungqina bokuThuthwa koNosocomial ye-Andes Virus kwi-Health Careers eChile. I-J Trop Med Hyg. 2004; 70 (3): 302-4.
> CDC. Hantavirus. http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/
> Wells RM, Young J, Williams RJ, et al. I-Hantavirus Transmission eMelika. Diserging Disfect Dis. 1997; 3 (3): 361-5.