Izifundo ezininzi kunye neendawo "eziqhelekileyo zedolophu" zifumene ukuba izixeko kunye nezommandla ezinamazinga aphezulu okuhamba ngokulula zikwazo nazo zazinanqanaba eziphantsi kakhulu zokutyeba.
Intshukumo emitsha yedolophu ebizwa ngokuba yi-Urbanism entsha iphuhlise ngeenjongo zokukhuthaza izixeko ezinobuchopho kunye neendawo ezinobungqongileyo, kwaye idatha yakutshanje ibonise ukuba le ntshukumo inokuchaphazela ixabiso lokukhululeka nokukhuluphala .
Yintoni Eyenza Ummelwane Wenzeke?
Igama elithi "indawo yokubamba indawo" libhekiselele kwindlela enokwenzeka ukuba uyakwazi ukuhamba kwiivenkile zendawo, izikolo kunye neepaki endaweni yakubo. Izinto ezinjengeendlela zokuhamba kunye neendlela zokuhamba ngebhayisikili ziququzelela oku, kunye nokufumaneka kokufumaneka kweentlobo zamashishini ekuhambeni ukuhamba.
Yiyiphi i-Current State of neighborhood Awareness?
Kwiintlanga eziphuhlisiwe, abaninzi abantu abadala baye bafumana indlela yokuphila ekhoyo namhlanje ehambelana nomgangatho ophantsi wokusebenza ngokomzimba.
Isixa somsebenzi okwenziwe ngumgangatho ophakanyiswe yimigaqo-kazwelonke nakumazwe ngamazwe ubuncinane imizuzu engama-30 yomsebenzi okwenzakalayo ngokomzimba okungenani iintsuku ezingama-5 ngeveki. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluninzi luye lwabonisa ukuba ukuhlala usebenze yonke imihla kungenye yezindlela ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela izifo ezingapheliyo ezifana nesifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, isifo soqhwala nomhlaza.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuba abaninzi abantu abakwazi ukuhlangabezana nokunconywa kwezona zinto zincinci zemihla ngemizimba, kungaphantsi kwesincophiso sokuba uhlale usebenza yonke imini. Kwaye uphando olongezelelweyo luye lwabonisa ukuba izinto ezintle zokuphila kwethu zanamhlanje, njengokuhamba ngemoto kunye nemisebenzi yedeski, zidibanisa ukuze zisenze siphezulu kwaye ziphinde zenze igalelo ekukhuseni ukugqithisa.
Yintoni entsha Urbanism?
Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, i-Urbanism entsha yintlangano yokucwangciswa kwedolophu yasemaphandleni ephakathi kweenjongo zayo ukukhuthazwa kwezixeko ezinobomi kunye neendawo ezinobungcipheko kunye nezidolophana.
Njengoko kuphawulwe kwi-newurbanism.org, "ukuyila indawo ezintle zokududuza kunye nokuzonwabisa kwabahamba ngeyona nto yimiba ebalulekileyo ye-Urbanism entsha."
Intshukumo entsha ye-Urbanism inika amandla ekudaleni izixeko "kunye neenethiwekhi zonke zezitalato ezingenasemotweni, ezibizwa ngokuba zizixeko ezihamba ngeenyawo." Ngenxa yoko, ngokugxininisa kwizinto ezenza izixeko zibe mnxulumene nabahamba ngeenyawo kwaye zikhuthaze ukuhamba kwiindawo ezininzi zemihla ngemihla, ukucwangciswa kweDolophu yaseNew kungenza Amanani aphakamileyo omsebenzi okwenziwe ngumsebenzi oqhelekileyo wenkqubo yemihla ngemihla.
Abaxhasi beNqaku elitsha le-Urbanism "ukuba bakwazi ukuhamba ukuya kumxube weevenkile, iivenkile, ii-newsstands, ii-coffee houses kunye neemakethe ezivulekileyo ngaphakathi kwimizi engenamoto kunye namaziko okusebenzela anika umgangatho ophezulu wobomi."
Abanye baye bacela ukuba izithili zasezidolophini zihlale zihamba ngeenyawo kuphela, ngokuqhagamshelana ngokuthe ngqo kumzila wezitimela zokuhamba ngokude.
Yintoni iMovement Work Movement?
Ngeenjongo ezifanayo njenge-Urbanism entsha, i-Active Design, ngokutsho kweZiko loMklamo oSebenzayo, "indlela ejolise kumsebenzi wophuhliso ebonisa ukucwangciswa kweedolophini kunye nezisombululo zokwakha iziseko zokuxhasa uluntu oluphilileyo."
Kwakhona, oku kukusetyenziswa kwembono yokwakha iindawo zokuhlala, uluntu, kunye nezakhiwo ezizodwa ukuba abantu bayakhuthazwa ukuba basebenze ngakumbi kwimpilo yabo yemihla ngemihla-njengemigaqo yokubambisana kommandla, umzekelo.
Okuthakazelisayo, i-Active Design ayiphefumlelweyo nje kuphela ngenxa yesifo esiyingozi, kodwa ngenxa yezifo ezithintekayo-izifo ezidlulileyo. Njengoko kuphawulwe yiZiko loMklamo oSebenzayo, uMklamo oSebenzayo wakha "kwimbali yokuqala yempembelelo enempembelelo yempilo karhulumente kwi-19 leminyaka njengoko ibonakala ngokunciphisa okukhulu ukusabalaliswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo."
Ngekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ukunciphisa ukuhlanjululwa kunye nokuhlambulula iindawo eziphathekayo ezinxulumene nezindlu zokuhlala kunye nezinye izakhiwo zezindlu ezingabonakaliyo zenze ukuba kuncitshiswe ngokuphawulekayo kwizifo ezithathelwanayo ezifana nesifo sofuba, i-kolera, i-typhoid kunye nabanye.
Kuthemba ukuba, ngokusebenzisa uphando lwempilo yakutshanje, imigaqo yoyilo efana nayo ingasetyenziswa ngexesha langoku ekulweni nokunyanyisa.
Uncedo Olu lunjani Ngomdla Wobunzima?
Yintoni eyaziwayo njengeendlela ezihambayo zokuhamba-moya okanye ukuhamba ngebhayisikili, umzekelo- zinokuba nezibonelelo ezingaphezulu kweempilo kunokuba ziqhube imoto , kwaye zinako ukukhusela ukukhuluphala.
Kweso sifundo esithile esakhangela kwi-self-reporting report (ekwahlukileyo njengezothutho lwabucala, izithuthi zikawonkewonke kunye nokuthutha okusebenzayo) kwiindawo ezingaphezu kwe-15,000 abahlali baseUnited Kingdom, abo bahamba ukuya emsebenzini basebenzisa iindlela zokusebenza kunye neendlela zoluntu ezithintekayo zithintela kakhulu umzimba I-index (BMI) kunabo abasebenzisa izithuthi zangasese. (Uthutho lwangasese luquka ukuqhuba imoto yakho kunye nokudibanisa imoto, umzekelo.)
Abazange bahambe kuphela okanye bahamba ngebhayisikili okanye yonke inxalenye yendlela yokusebenza - njengokuba kunokwenziwa ngokubaluleka xa besetyenziselwa ukuthutha abantu - banama-BMI aphantsi, kodwa babe neepesente ezantsi zeoli eziqhathaniswa nabaye baqalisa ukusebenza usebenzisa iimoto zabo zangasese. Bobabini nababhinqa bafunyaniswa ukuvuna iinzuzo zeendlela zokuhamba.
Olunye uphando olujonge abantu abangaphezu kwe-100,000 abahlala kwidolophu nasezidolophini zase-Ontario, eCanada, bahlelwe ngamakhelwane asekelwe kwiSitalato Smart Walk Score®, apho abalobi abafundayo bachaza ngokuthi "isilinganiselo esilinganiselweyo sokubambisana komakhelwane."
Ngokusekelwe kule Walk Score®, abaphandi babeka iindawo zokuhlala ngokusekelwe kwiikhowudi zeposi kwiindawo ezinhlanu zokuhamba, "ukusuka kwi-car-depend on" Walker's Paradise "." Abafundi abafundayo ababehlala kwimimandla exhomekeke kwimoto baye bafunyanwa ukuba Iingxaki eziphezulu kakhulu zokugqithisa okanye ukugqithisa xa kuthelekiswa nalabo abahlala "kwiindawo zeParadesi".
Ukongeza koko, abahlali beendawo "zeParer's Paradise" baxelele ukuhamba ngakumbi kwiindawo zokusebenzisa indawo kunokuzilibazisa-ukuhamba ukufumana ukutya, umzekelo, kungekhona nje ukuhamba. Aba bahlali bafunyaniswa ukuba banomlinganiselo we-3.0 kg (6.6 lbs.) Ngaphantsi kwalabo bahlala kwiindawo ezixhomekeke kwimoto.
Kulandelelwano lweCanada, abaphandi babika kwi- Journal ye-American Medical Association (JAMA) ukuba amazinga aphakamileyo ekuhlaseleni umakhelwane ahlanganiswe namazinga aphantsi okugqithisa nokugqithisa kunye nokuhla kwesifo sikashukela ngexesha lokufunda (2001 ukuya ku-2012). Abaphandi baphawula ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo lufunekayo ukuba luhlolisise kwaye luqinisekise imiphumo ye-Active Design imigaqo kunye nokuzimela komakhelwane kwizifo ezinjenge-fetes and diabetes.
Olunye uphando luye lwacebisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nokuqina kwe-aerobic kuphuculwe kubantu abahlala kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo. Enyanisweni, umsebenzi olula wokuhamba kwimihla ngemihla iinguqulelo zokuphila eziyaziwayo ukuphucula uxinzelelo lwegazi.
Kwaye uphando luye lwazisa ezinye iinkonzo zempilo yohambo lwemizuzu engama-30: kwi-Nurses's Health Study, ngokomzekelo, abo bahamba ngokukhawuleza okanye bafumana ukuvavanya okunyanzelekayo okungenani imizuzu engama-30 imihla ngemihla babe nomngcipheko ophantsi ngokukhawuleza ukufa komzimba kwiminyaka eyi-26 yokulandelelana.
Imizekelo Yehlabathi Yemihlaba Ebonakalayo
Ngokutsho kwesiza esitsha sase-Urbanism, iVenice, iItali kunye neCopenhagen, iDenmark ziyimifanekiso emihle "yezixeko ezihamba ngeenyawo."
Phakathi kwezixeko ezinkulu zehlabathi, iVenice inomnatha wesitratato esikhulu kunazo zonke zezithuthi ezihamba ngeemoto.
Isitalato esikhulu sendawo yaseCopenhagen, iStroget, yajika yaba yindlela yokuhamba ngeenyawo kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo, kwaye ukususela ngoko, abacwangcisi bezixeko baye baqhubeka nokusebenza ukuguqula loo mzi ukuba babe ne-car-oriented to be pedestrian-oriented.
Amanyathelo abacwangcisi beCopenhagen abenzileyo ukufezekisa le nguqu kubandakanya ukuguqula izitratato ezininzi zibe yimizila yezithuthi ezihambahambayo kuphela, ukuguqula indawo yokupaka kwiindawo ezikarhulumente, ukukhuthaza ukuhamba ngebhayisikili njengendlela yokuthutha enkulu, nokwakha kwisikali "esinamandla kwaye sisezantsi" ukuphakama okuphantsi, izakhiwo ezinqabileyo zithandwa.
Ezi nyathelo zibonisa imigaqo ye-Urbanism entsha, ejolise ekudaleni nasekubuyiseni "iidolophu ezinobungqingili, ezahlukileyo, ezihambelanayo kunye nemimandla eyenza umgangatho ophezulu wobomi ngokunikela izigqibo ezintsha zokuphila," njengoko kuboniswe kwisayithi elitsha le-urbanism.
Phakathi kwezixeko zaseMntla Melika, abo bahamba ngeendlela ezihamba phambili ze-Walk Scores baquka imizi yase-US yaseNew York City (amanqaku angama-89), iSan Francisco (86), iBoston (81), iPhiladelphia (78) kunye noMiami (78).
ECanada, abo bahamba ngeendlela ezihamba phambili zee-Walk Scores babezixeko zaseVancouver (ngamanqaku angama-78), eToronto (71) naseMontreal (70).
EUnited States, iidolophu ezinobungakanani obuhamba ngeendlela ezihambahambayo nazo zininzi zihamba ngeendlela ezihamba phambili zokuhamba, ukugxininisa umphumo ochanekileyo wokwenziwa kwidolophu kunye nokucwangciswa kweso sixeko. Ngokomzekelo, i-walkscore.com ibonisa iNew York, iSan Francisco, iBoston, iSithili sase-Columbia, kunye neFiladelphia njengezixeko ezi-5 ezihamba phambili.
I-San Francisco neBoston zikwahlula kwiidolophu ezinhlanu ezihamba phambili zebhayisikili.
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Thornton CM, Conway TL, uKayin KL, uGavand KA, uSaelens BE, uFrank LD, et al. Ukungalingani kwiindawo ezihamba ngeendlela ezihamba ngeendlela ezihamba ngeenyawo kunye nohlanga / ubuhlanga. I-SSM yePopul Health. 2016; 2: 206-216.