Kukho iingxoxo kunye nokuchasene nodokotela oncedisayo ukuzibulala
Ingxoxo malunga nokuziphatha kunye nokusemthethweni kokuzibulala ngonyango (PAS) ayikho entsha. Ingumxholo weengxoxo ezifudumeleyo kwiminyaka emininzi kwaye ayibonisi nayiphi na imiqondiso yokupholisa.
Ukuzibulala ngogqirha okwangoku ngokusemthethweni (2017) e-Oregon, eWashington, eVermont, eColorado naseMontha. Ehlabathini lonke (nangona izithintelo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu) kusemthethweni eNetherlands, eBelgium, e-UK, Columbia naseJapan.
Kusemthethweni kwiphondo laseQuebec eCanada. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuzibulala ngogqirha kunomxholo ohlukeneyo ukusuka kunelungelo lokunqanda okanye ukuhoxisa amanyathelo okuxhasa ubomi okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwezilwanyana, apho kukho ukungqubuzana okungakumbi kwaye okuqhelekileyo kunokuzikhethela ngokwezigqibo zomntu kunokuba kubekho umthetho.
Ziziphi izizathu zokuxhasa okanye ukuchasa ukuzibulala ngonyango?
Iingxabano Yiyiphi inkxaso okanye iphikisana ne-Physic-Assisted Suicide
Kukho abaxhasayo ngokucacileyo kumacandelo omabini kwimeko yokuzibulala, kodwa ngaphambi kokungena kulo, kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokukhawuleza oko sikuxubushayo. Yintoni ukuzibulala ngogqirha-ncedisi kwaye njani le nto ihluke njani, ithi, i-euthanasia? Ukuzibulala ngogqirha okanye i-PAS ichazwa njengokuphelisa ngokuzithandela ngobomi bomntu ngokulawulwa kweziyobisi ezibulalayo kunye noxanduva oluchanekileyo okanye olungathanga ngqo lugqirha.
Ngokuchasene ne-euthanasia, apho ugqirha wenza ukungenelela, NGAKUNYE ugqirha unika iindlela eziyimfuneko kwaye isigulane senza isenzo.
Amanqaku amane ePrayimari ekuchaseni i-PAS (kunye neeNgcaciso kwiNkxaso)
Nangona kukho amanqaku amanqaku afanelekileyo kunye neenkcukacha kwimiba yokuzibulala exhaswa ngumzweli, ezi zinto zinokuphulwa zibe ziingongoma ezine eziphambili ezivakalayo ngokuchasene okanye ukusemthethweni.
Kwaye zonke iingxabano, kukho ingxabano yokuphikisa.
1. Ukufikeleleka kokuFikelela kwiHlomelo kunye noNonophelo oluPhezulu
Enye ingxabano ngokuchasene ne-PAS yileyo-kuba umzekelo wokunyamekela kokugqithiswa kwempilo ufumaneka kwiinkqubo zokunakekelwa kwezibhedlele kunye nokunyamekela-akufanele kubekho isizathu sokuba ubani afune ukufuna i-PAS. Kulo mbono, ugxininiso akufanele kube ngowokusemthethweni kwi-PAS, kodwa ekuphuculeni ukufikelela ekunakekelweni kolondolozo.
Kukho ii-arhente ezingaphezulu kwama-4,000 e-United States, kodwa ngenxa yemingcele yemali kunye nobunzima be-Medicare Hospice Benefit efuna izigulana zibe nexesha lokuphila iminyaka ezintandathu okanye ngaphantsi, izigidi zabantu baseUnited States abanakho ukufikelela kubo.
Ukuphikisana-ngxabano: Ngaphandle kokufikelela ekuphuculeni ukunyamekela ekugqibeleni komgangatho, kuya kubakho iimeko ezinqabileyo zokubandezeleka okungapheliyo nokungapheleli. Amanqaku ambalwa asandul 'u kusuka kwiOregon (2014), apho i-PAS isemthethweni, ibonisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-93 zezigulane ezithe zenza i-PAS yayise-hospice. Oku kuphakamisa ukuba ukunyamekela nokunyamekela ukunyamezela akuyonto efanelekileyo ukunyamezeleka.
2. Umda we-Autonomy Patient Autonomy
Kuye kwacaciswa ngombono weBouvia v. Inkundla ePhakamileyo (CA) ukuba "ilungelo lokufa liyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yelungelo lethu lokulawula zethu iinjongo xa nje amalungelo abo engathintekiyo." Le nto yayingumcimbi ukuzimela kwesigulane.
I-PAS ayikho isenzo sokuzimela ngokupheleleyo; kufuna uncedo lomnye umntu.
Ingxabano ngokuchasene ne-PAS kukuba i-PAS isongela uluntu lwethu ngokunciphisa intengo yobomi bomntu. Umbutho unembopheleleko yokugcina ubungcwele bomi, ngoko ke ukhetho lomntu we-PAS lufanele lugqitywe ngokubanzi.
Ingxabano yokuphikisa: Oogqirha abanjelwayo kunye nesicelo sokuncedisa ekupheliseni ubomi besigulane banelungelo lokunciphisa ngenxa yokunyanzela unembeza. Amalungelo abo, ngoko ke, awachaphazelekayo ngokubhekiselele kwisigqibo seBouvia .
3. "I-Slippery Slope" kwiSenzo soLuntu
Abo bachasene ne-PAS banenkxalabo yokuba xa kunokuzibulala ukuxhaswa kuvunyelwe, i-euthanasia ayiyi kuba ngasemva.
Le mbono igxile ukuba uyintlambo ephosayo "ekubulaweni kwenceba," ngaphandle kwemvume, yabantu abanesifo sengqondo, ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba, abakhulileyo, abaqeshwe, abangenamakhaya, kunye nabani na uluntu uluntu lubona "lusizi."
Ukuphikisana-mbambano: Iintlangano zethu ezikhuselweyo kakhulu akunakwenzeka ukuba kuvumeleke ukuba le "ntlambo epholileyo" yenzeke. Imizekelo ecatshulweyo ibandakanya uAdolf Hitler, uJoseph Goebbels, kunye noJoseph Mengele, abaye banqotshwa kwiinjongo zabo ukuba "bahlambulule" i-Genetic gene pool pool.
4. Ukuchithwa kwe-Hippocratic Oath
I-Hippocratic Oath ithi isigxina sikagqirha siyinkohlakalo engundoqo , "okokuqala, musa ukulimaza." KUNYE ngokuchasene ngokucacileyo eso sifungo, njengokubulala ngokuzibulala isigulane kuthathwa njengengozi.
I-Counter-argument: I-Hippocratic Yeath ifanele iguqulelwe kwaye ishintshwe njengoko kuyimfuneko ngokomqathango wesigulane ngamnye.
5. Iindlela ezingasetyenziswayo kwi-PAS
Abo bachasene ne-PAS baphikisana ukuba kukho iindlela zokuziphatha ezisemthethweni nezokuziphatha zokuncedisa ukufa. Izigulane zingenqaba ukufumana unyango olongezelelweyo olunokuthi ludlulise ixesha lokufa, kuquka nemithi.
Ingxabano: Ezinye izigulane azithembeli kumanyathelo okugcina ubomi kwaye aqhubeke ehlupheka. Ukunyanga ukunyamekela ubomi kuya kuqhubeka ukuxhalaba ngenxa yezi gulane.
Enye ingxabano kukuba izigulane zinokuthi, kwaye kaninzi zizenza, zithatha isigqibo sokuyeka ukutya nokusela ukukhawuleza ukufa kwazo. Ukufa kuya kufuthi kuvele kwiiveki ukuya kwiiveki ezintathu, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa "kukufa okulungileyo."
Iingxabano zokuphikisana: Iinye kwiiveki ezintathu zokubandezeleka okukhulu kunokuba nabani na onokunyamezela. (Funda kabanzi malunga nezizathu zokuba kutheni abantu bafune ukuzibulala ngonyango .)
Isishwankathelo seMigqaliselo emikhulu kwiNkxaso kunye nokuphikiswa kwi-PAS
Isisombululo sokugqibela sale ngxabano yokuzibulala-ncedisa ugqirha asikaze kubonwe. Ngenxa yexesha elingaphantsi kwesibonelelo sikarhulumente kwisifundo, sinokubona ukuba ibe yinyani ebantwini bethu. Sekusemthethweni e-United States e-Oregon kunye neendleko zokumisela ukuba zenziwe ngamaxesha amaninzi kwezinye iindawo ezininzi. I-PAS nayo isemthethweni kwamanye amazwe amaninzi, njengeNetherlands.
Kukho ezininzi izixhobo ezinokufumaneka xa usencingo kwizinkolelo zakho, unqwenela ukufunda okwengeziwe ngoKufa kunye noHloniphelo lweSigqeba, okanye ufuna ukuhlola ezinye iinkalo ezongezelelekileyo ezixhasa okanye ukuchasa ukuzibulala-ncedisa ugqirha kunye nelungelo lokufa .
> Imithombo:
> Braverman, D., Marcus, B., Wakim, P., Mercurio, M., kunye noG. Kopf. AbaPhezulu bezeMpilo'Iziphumo malunga noFilo oluxhaswa nguMgqirha: Ukuhlaziywa kweeNkcazo zabo kunye neNdlela yesiXhosa kunye nokuPhumelela kweMonde. I-Journal ye-Pain kunye neSimptom Management . 2017 Julayi 14. (Epub ngaphambi kokuprinta).
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Inkathalo yeHalice. Updated 07/06/16.
> Emanuel, E., Onwuteaka-Philipsen, B., Urwin, J., noJohen. Isimo sengqondo kunye neendlela zokwenza u-Euthanasia kunye noNogqirha-ukuxhaswa ngokuzibulala e-United States, eCanada naseYurophu. JAMA . 2016. 316 (1): 79-90.