Izizathu kunye neengozi zeNkokeli yokuTyhefu

8 Imithombo yoBonakaliso onokungazi

Nangona imithetho ikhuphe ukukhokela kwimveliso efana nepende kunye nepetrol, kukho i-risk incarnation and lead toxicity in the United States.

Akukho mzekelo ongcono kulolu hlobo lwengxaki ye-2016 e-Flint, eMichigan apho abantu abangaphezu kwe-100,000 bavelele ukuba baholele ngenxa yokupasa kwamanzi ngexesha elidlulileyo kwiinkqubo zamanzi karhulumente kunye nezibonelelo zonyango zamanzi ezinganeleyo. Ngonyaka olandelayo kwenkathazo, akukho ngaphantsi kweesentimitha ezintlanu zabantwana abahlolwayo banamazinga aphezulu okukhokela emzimbeni wabo.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwintloko kungabakho ekuthintaneni nesikhokelo emoyeni, uthuli lomhlaba, umhlaba, amanzi kunye nemveliso yorhwebo. Ukugqithiswa okuqhubekayo phakathi neenyanga okanye iminyaka kunokugqibela kukukhokelela ekuholeni ubuthi.

Izinto zobungozi

Ngokweengxelo ezivela kumaziko okuLawula nokuLawula (i-CDC), abantwana basengozini enkulu yobunetyhefu bokukhokela ngezizathu ezininzi:

• Ziyakwazi ukuba zenze iinqununu ezikhokelayo ngenxa yokuziphatha ngokuzenzekelayo.
• Bawuthatha umkhombandlela ongcolisayo ngokulula ngaphezu kwabantu abadala.
• Unomlinganiselo wokuphefumla ngokukhawuleza kwaye uninzi oluthile oluthile oluthile oluthile oluthile olushushu olumzimba.
• Basondelene nomhlaba kwaye banokuthi baveze iincinci emhlabathini okanye emhlabathini.

Ezinye izinto zinokubeka abantu abadala kunye nabantwana engozini. Oyintloko phakathi kwabo uhlala kwisakhiwo esingakhange sakhiwe ngaphambi kowe-1978 (unyaka apho umkhokelo wawuvinjelwe ngokomthetho kwimveliso yepende).

Le ngxaki yedwa iguqulela kumngcipheko ophezulu wokukhokela ubuthi phakathi kobuhlwempu, uluntu oluhlala kwindawo yokuhlala. Enyanisweni, ngokwe-CDC, abantwana base-Afrika baseMelika banamathuba amane okufumana utyhefu kunabantwana abamhlophe.

Phakathi kwezinto ezisibhozo eziqhelekileyo zokubakhombisa ukukhokelela e-United States:

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Paint

I-Paint ingaba ngumthombo ogqithisiweyo kakhulu wokungena kwi-United States. Ngokombiko okhutshwe yi-US Environmental Protection Agency (i-EPA), umngcipheko ubaluleke nakwiyiphi na indlu eyakhiwa ngaphambi kowe-1978 kwaye iyakwandisa ukwandisa umdala.

Iziphumo ze-EPA zibonisa ukuba:

• Iipesenti ezingama-24 zezindlu ezakhiwe phakathi kowe-1960 no-1977 ziye zaqhuba upende kwindawo ethile kwisakhiwo.
• Iipesenti ezingama-69 zezindlu ezakhiwe phakathi kowe-1940 no-1959 ziya kuba nobungqina bokupenda kwipende.
• Iipesenti ezingama-87 zezindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambi ko -1940 ziya kuba ziholele ipende kuzo.

Ubungozi bokubhenkceka kunkulu kunaphi na ukupenda kwidala elikudala, ukukrazula, ukukrazula, ukukhwabanisa okanye ukuthunga. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukhawuleza kumafowenu, iingcango, izitimela, iiplanga, kunye nezibanxibi apho izandla zingakwazi ukuthabatha ngokukhawuleza iipopu zepende kunye neendidi.

Ngoxa ipeyinti yokupenda ephantsi kwepeyinti entsha ayinayo ingxaki, nayiphi na ukulungiswa kwekhaya okubandakanya ukutshitshiswa kwependa okanye ipende kunika ithuba lokungcola. Nangona i-wet mopping, i-vacuuming, kunye nokujongana nemaski kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko, i-EPA isincoma ukuba ususe nabantwana okanye abafazi abakhulelweyo ukusuka ekhaya kuze kulungiswe ukulungiswa.

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Umhlaba

Inkokheli yendalo eyenziwa ngetsimbi ebonwe ngombala wayo obomvu. Nangona ikwazi ukufumaneka ngokusemgangathweni kwindalo, ukugxininiswa kwimihlaba ngokubanzi kuphantsi kwaye kungabonwa njengengozi.

Okufanayo akusebenzi kumhlaba wasemadolobheni oye wonakaliswa nokupenda kwipuphu kwizindlu zakudala okanye izakhiwo. Imihlaba ecaleni kwendawo enqabileyo yezithuthi ikwaxhalabisa, ngezinye iingcamango ezibonisa ukuba phakathi kweetoni ezine nezihlanu ezikhokelo ezisetyenziswe kwi-petroli zihlala emhlabathini nasothuli.

Ukuba indlu yakho ikhulile, i-EPA icebisa ukuba uhlolisise ngaphandle ukuze uphawule okanye uphethile. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na into, unokuphepha ukulandelela umhlaba ngaphakathi ngokusebenzisa iminyango ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendlu kwaye ususe izicathulo zakho ngaphambi kokungena.

Ukuba ungeke ukwazi ukubuyisela ikhaya lakho, kufuneka uqikelele ukutshala iintlanga kufuphi nekhaya ukwenzela ukuba abantwana badikibala ukudlala emhlabathini.

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Amanzi

Nangona ukukhokela akuqhelekanga kufumaneka kumachibi kunye nezinye izinto zamanzi zendalo, kungangena ukunikezela kwamanzi kunye neeplanzi zasekhaya ukuba iimpompi ezindala zingathatyathwa kwaye ziqale ukubola. Oku kuyinyaniso ukuba iipayipi ngokwazo azenziwanga zikhokelo.

Kuze kube ngo-1986, iipayipi zensimbi zazivame ukujoyina usebenzisa i-solder ekhokelayo. Ngoko ke, nangona iipayipi ziqulethe ngaphantsi kweesibhozo ezisibhozo zephambili (umgca owamkelekileyo phantsi komthetho okhoyo), i-solder esetyenziselwa ukudibanisa nayo ingaba namazinga aphezulu aphezulu. Ngaphandle kokuba amanzi avivinywa, akukho nhlobo indlela yokwazi.

Kukho ezinye iindawo zokukhokela emanzini ethu alahlekileyo. Omnye umzekelo usela amanzi kumanzi aphakamileyo awanakuhlolwa kwiindawo ezininzi. Ngo-2017, isikolo saseBrazil saseSan Diego safumanisa oku kuphela emva kokuba inja yonyango inqabe ukusela amanzi emthonjeni.

Ngaphandle kwemizamo eyongeziweyo yokuphononongwa kwamanzi karhulumente, i-EPA ithi amanzi okusela aphakamisa malunga neepesenti ezingama-20 zomntu oza kubakhokela.

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ICeramics kunye neCrystal

Ezinye iipende kunye ne-glazes ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa iibumbi kunye neeramikhi ziqulethe amanqanaba aphezulu ekukhokela kwaye, njengenjalo, ayilungiselelwe ukusebenzisa kwi-dinnerware okanye ukutya izitya. Xa ukutya okanye iziphuzo zifakwe kuzo, ukhokela ngokukhawuleza kwaye uphelelwe.

Oku kunjalo ngokukodwa kwimbumbi yamandulo kunye ne-ceramicware enokuthi ibe neendawo zokukhupha nokutshabalalisa. Ukukhathazeka ngokukodwa kukungenisa ubumbi bendabuko obungabhalwa "ngaphandle kokukhokela" kodwa kusekho amanqanaba amaninzi kakhulu entsimbi. Isixwayiso sika-2010 esikhutshwe yi-US Food and Drug Administration sacebisa abathengi bengozi emva kokuba amazinga aphezulu okukhokela afunyenwe kwi-ceramicware evela ngaphandle eMexico.

I-crystal ekhokelayo nayo ixhalabisa. Iingxelo ziyinkathazo ngakumbi kuba iwayini, utywala kunye nama-acidic amancinci angakhuthaza ukudluliselwa kokhokelo kwi-quant fluid. Ukuba uholele i-glassware, i-EPA icebisa ukuba ungayisebenzisi nokuba yimihla ngemihla okanye ukugcina ukutya okanye utywala.

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IiMedizo zeMveli kunye neziQuquzelo

Amayeza emveli kufuneka afanele ukuxhalabisa njengoko kuninzi engalawulwayo eMelika.

Amayeza ase-Ayurvedic kunye nezilwanyana zabantu abavela eNdiya, kwi-mpuma ye-Asia, eMiddle East, kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican kunye neMexico baxhalabelekile ngokungabikho ndlela yokuvavanya indlela izithako eziye zahlanjululwa ngayo, njani ukuba ziye zahlanjululwa okanye zonyango, kwaye zeziphi iimeko eziye zenziwa.

Enyanisweni, ukukhokela, isulfure, i-arsenic, ithusi kunye negolide zongezwa ngamabango kwiindlela ezininzi ze-Ayurvedic phantsi kweenkolelo yokuba zinikela ngempilo, bathi abaphandi beYale University School of Medicine.

Phakathi kwamachiza omntu iCDC eye yabona njengengozi ephezulu yokubakhokelela kwikhokelo:

• I-Azarcon ne-greta ngamayeza omdabu aseSpain athathwe ngesisu esicasulayo.
• I-Ba- baw -san isilwanyana saseTshayina esisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-colic.
• I-Daw tway yinkxaso yokugaya isetyenziswe eThailand naseMyanmar.
• I-Ghasard yinyango yamaNdiya asetyenziswa njengetoniki.

Ngaphezu koko, akukhona nje imishanguzo engummangali; Iipuni kunye nezimonyo ezixutywayo zikwaxhalabisa.

Amaposenti angaphandle avela eMexico, eMalaysia, eChina naseNdiya (ngokukodwa ezo zinto zikhethiweyo kunye ne-tamarind, i-powder, okanye i-salts ezithile) kufuneka zigwenywe njengoko ezi zihlandlo ziphakanyisiweyo. Kuyafana nakwezonyango zendabuko, ezifana ne-kohl ezisetyenziselwa kwiindawo zoMbindi Mpuma, kuMntla Afrika, nakumazantsi-mpuma yeAsia ukucacisa amehlo.

Ngaphandle kokungeniswa kwimihla ngemihla njengezitho zomlomo kunye ne-eyeliners kufuneka kugwenywe njengoko bengekho phantsi kovavanyo oluphambili lweemakethe olubekwe phantsi kwe-US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

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Imisebenzi kunye nokuzilibazisa

Ngokutsho kwe-EPA, uninzi lwamatyala obumetyhefu kubantu abadala luyiphumo lokungena emsebenzini. Phakathi kwamanye amashishini apho umngcipheko wokubakhokelela kwikhokelo uphezulu:

• Ukulungiswa komzimba ngokuzenzekelayo nokulungiswa
• Izixhobo kunye nokuveliswa kwebhola
• Ukuvelisa ibhetri kunye nokuvuselelwa kwakhona
• Ukwakhiwa (ukubuyisela ngokukhethekileyo okanye ukubuyisela kwakhona)
• Ukufundisa umda webala
• Ukwenziwa kweglasi okanye i-crystal
• Ukutshiza kwintloko
• Ukuvelisa ubunzima bokuvelisa
• Ukutya kwakhona
• Imigodi
• Pewter yokuvelisa
• Ukulungiswa kwamapayipi kunye neerandi
• Ukwakha izakhiwo
• Ukunyuka kwesimbi

Ababhishobhi abenza imisebenzi elandelayo basengozini:

• Umzobo wobugcisa
• Ukulungisa ngokuzenzekelayo
• I-electronic soldering
• Ukwenza ngobumba
• I-metal soldering
• Ukubunjwa kweebhola, i-slugs, okanye ukuloba
• Ukwenziwa kweglasi
• Izibhamu zokudubula

Nabani na owenza kule misebenzi okanye imisebenzi enokubangela ukukhokelela emakhaya abo. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukunciphisa ubungozi ngokushenxisa nokutshintsha iimpahla zakho kunye nezicathulo ngaphambi kokungena ekhaya okanye kumalungu osapho ochaphazelayo.

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Amathoyizi

Amathoyizi akhiwe kumazwe apho ukusetyenziswa kwethotho ayinakunqandeka kungabangela umngcipheko. Icandelo elixhalabisa kukuba kukho indlela encinci yokwazi ukuba umdlalo okhuselweyo ungakhuselekile kuba akukho zixhobo ezikhoyo ukuze zikhutshwe rhoqo.

Xa kuthethwa oko, kuba imigaqo emitsha yokungeniswa yenziwe yi-Commission Product Safety Commission ngo-2008, inani lezinto zokudlala ezikhuphayo ezikhunjulwayo liye lahla ukusuka ngo-19 ngo-2008 ukuya ku-2017.

Kodwa, akulona nje amathoyizi angenisiwe. Amathoyizi e-Antique, iibhokisi zeesidlo sasemini, kunye neekrayoni zamandulo zingaba nexabiso elininzi lokukhokela. Ngaloo ndlela, kungcono ukuba ugcine ezi zinto kwiimeko zokubonisa okanye uziphose ngaphandle ukuba zithathwa njengento yokushiya.

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Ukukhulelwa

Xa ukhokelo luya emzimbeni wakho, luyakwazi ukuqokelela kwiisishu ezininzi, kuquka neengqondo, amathumbu, izintso, isibindi kunye namathambo.

Ngethuba lokukhulelwa, ukukhokha iifomethi kumathambo kunokuba yingxaki ngakumbi njengoko utshintsho lweempawu lungabangela ukulahlekelwa kwethambo elingapheliyo . Ukuba oku kwenzeka, ukhokelo luya kuphuma kwinkqubo kwaye luphakamise utyhefu kumanqanaba onobungozi. Iintsana ezivelele ukukhokela xa zisesibelekweni zisengozini yokuzala okuphantsi, ukuzalwa kwangaphambi kokuzalwa, kunye nokukhulelwa kwesisu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke kwenkxaso ye-calcium ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunokunciphisa kakhulu umphumo.

> Imithombo:

> Aquilera, E. Ukhokela kumthombo wokusela? Izikolo zaseCalifornia kufuneka zivavanywe ngoku. KQED Inzululwazi. Ikhishwe ngoJanuwari 10, 2018.

> I-Arhente yoKhuselo yendalo Khusela iNtsapho Yakho kwiMiboniso kwiNkokeli. EWashington, DC; hlaziywa ngoAgasti 2017.

> Gunturu, K .; Nagarajan, P .; noMcPharran. I-Ayurvedic imithi yamachiza kunye neetyhefu. J Hematol Oncol. 2011; 4:51. INGXELO: 10.1186 / 1756-8722-4-51.

> Schwarz, K; Pouyat, R .; no-Yesilnois. I. Imithetho yeNkokheli kwiSixeko seSixeko seCharm: Izifundo ezivela kwi-Baltimore Ecosystem Study Study. Int J Imimandla yoLuntu lwezeMpilo. 2016; 13 (2): 209. INGXELO: 10.3390 / ijerph13020209.

> Ulawulo lweZiko lokuTya kunye neDrug. Isikhokelo Soshishino: Ukhuselo Lobumbongo Lwezityalo Ezidumiweyo Ezenzelwe Ukusetyenziswa Ngokutya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekota "YiNkokeli Yenkululeko" kwi-Labeling Pottery; kunye neNgcaciso echanekileyo yeNgcaciso kunye neCoramicware yokuHlangisa. Silver Spring, eMaryn; kukhutshwa ngoNovemba 2010.