Ixesha lokufumana iprojekthi yokuCoca ngeNkokeli
I-Flint, iMichigan iholele ekuboniseni i-radar yomntu wonke. Esi sixeko safumana ngaphambili amanzi aseLake Huron kunye neDetroit River. Ngo-2014, nangona kunjalo, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kwakunokuthi kunxweme ku-Flint River. Ngelishwa, umlambo awuzange uphathwe ngokufanelekileyo ukukhusela ukubola kweemibhobho ezinokuthi zitshintshe izitye kunye nezinye iibhoksi emanzini.
Umphumo wokuphela? Amanqanaba okhokelo atyathwa emanzini, kwaye isixeko sibhekene neengxaki zempilo karhulumente.
Yintoni eyenziwa nguorhulumente malunga nayo?
Intlungu e-Flint ayiyona yokuqala yohlobo lwayo. Iingozi zobutyhefu obushushu ziye zaziwa ngamashumi eminyaka, kwaye ewe, urhulumente waseUnited States uthathe amanyathelo okungenelela. Kwelinye, i-Arhente yokuKhuselwa kweNdalo (i-EPA) inemigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo ukwenzela ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokubakho ukuqhubela phambili kwizinga eluntwini. Amaziko e-Medicare kunye neMedicaid, nawo, anika isikhokelo kwesikrini sokuba kubonelele ukukhokelela kubantwana.
Injongo epheleleyo kukuthintela ukungena kwindawo yokuqala, ukuchonga amacala okuchazwa xa kwenzeka, kwaye unikeze unyango lwasemva kunoma yimuphi umntwana ochaphazelekayo ngamanqanaba aphakamileyo egazi. Kule ndlela kuphela esinokukuthintela, okanye ubuncinane ukunciphisa, iingxaki zempilo zexesha elide ezinokuvela kwisinyithi esinetyhefu.
Umbuzo omkhulu: Ngaba usebenza?
Yintoni eyenzekayo xa uboniswa kwiNkokheli
Ukubonakalisa ukukhokela kunokuyingozi kumntu. Kwabantwana, ke, kunokuba yingozi kakhulu, ukuchaphazela ekuphuculweni kwegazi kunye nokuqonda. Ukukhokelela kwingozi yobuthakathaka kubantu abadala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kujonge ukujolisa kwinkqubo ye-nervous system.
Akukho nkcazo yeklastiki yokutyhefuza.
Iimpawu ziyahluka kwaye zingabandakanya naziphi na ezi zilandelayo:
- IAnemia
- Utshintsho lwendlela yokuziphatha olubandakanya ulwaphulo, ukunyanzeliswa, ukukhubeka, kunye / okanye ukunyaniseka
- Imiba yophuhliso kuquka ukulahleka kwezinto eziphambili, i-IQ ephantsi kunye nokulibazisa ulwimi
- Igazi elonyukayo
- Isifo sesisu esiquka intlungu yesisu, i-anorexia, isicupunu, kunye / okanye ukuhlanza
- Izifo zesifo
- Iimpawu ze-neurologic ziquka i-ataxia, i-hallucinations, intloko yesifo, ubuthathaka obuthathaka, kunye / okanye ukuthatha
- Imiba yokuzala kuquka ukungafumaneki, i-libido ephantsi, kunye / okanye ukukhulelwa komzimba
Wena kunye nomboneleli wakho wezempilo kufuneka ukhangele iimpawu ezingavamile okanye ukuvezwa okukubeka wena okanye umntwana wakho engozini.
Lapho Unokuthi Uboniswe Kukhokelo
Abantu abaninzi bavelele ukukhokela kunokuba unokucinga.
Inkathazo yamanzi i-Flint iyasikhumbuza ukuba ukukhokela kunokungena emanzini ngamabhobho kunye neendawo zazo. Imibhobho eyenziwe ngaphambi kowe-1930 yayivame ukukhokelela, ukubeka amakhaya amadala okanye ukubonelelwa kwamanzi kwiphakamileyo ephezulu ekuboniseni isinyithi.
Okumangalisa kukuba, i-EPA ilumkisa ukuba izakhiwo ezineminyaka engaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu zinokuthi zibe namanzi angcolileyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-plumbers yosuku lwamaxesha ngokuqhelekileyo isebenzisa i-solder yokukhokelela ukudibana nemibhobho yobhedu. Umngcipheko wehla emva kweminyaka emihlanu kuba ukwakheka kwe-mineral deposits kumbhobho ekugqibeleni kugqubuthela amanzi ekukhokeni kwi-solder.
Olunye utyalo oluqhelekileyo lupende ekhokelayo, engathengiswanga eUnited States ukususela ngo-1978. Oku akukucacisi ukuba unayo ikhaya elitsha kuba ukhokelo lusekho nakwezinye iindawo ozivakatyelayo. Nasiphi na isakhiwo esakhiwe ngaphambi kowe-1978 sinokusebenzisa ipende ekhokelayo, kwanezakhiwo zikawonkewonke, izicingo, izixhobo zendawo yokudlala kunye nezikolo. Ngexesha elide, upende lungadibanisa kwaye luye lwaphuka zibe ngamaqhezu amancinci. Iinqununu zezikhokelo ziyakwazi ukujikeleza emoyeni okanye ukuqokelela kwiindawo ezifana nefestile. Inokungcolisa umhlaba.
Iinkxalabo ziye zavela malunga neemveliso eziphambili ezivela kwamanye amazwe .
Cinga ngesikhokelo xa uthenga i-candy yangaphandle, i-ceramics, amayeza, ubumbi, okanye amathoyizi. Kule ndlela yokugqibela, ukhokelo lufunyenwe kwipini kunye noplastiki.
Inkokheli yokuTyhefu njengeNkcazo yeMpilo kaRhulumente
Inetyhefu ebunobunzima yayingxaki kwi-Flint, kodwa ingaba ingxaki kuwe?
I-EPA ithi akukho namanqanaba akhuselekileyo okubakhokela. Oko kunjalo, iqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zamanzi zoluntu mazibekwe iliso ngenxa yokungcola. Ukuba iziphumo eziphambili zidlulileyo kwizinga ezili-15 ngeebhiliyoni ezili-10 kwipesenti zabathengi, kufuneka kuthathwe isenzo. Ezi zenzo mazithathwe yinkqubo yamanzi kwaye zibandakanya:
- Ukuphishekela amanyathelo okwandisa ukwenziwa kolawulo lwe-corrosion zamanzi iinkqubo zokuncedisa abantu abangama-50,000 okanye ngaphezulu
- Ukwazisa nokufundisa uluntu malunga nombandela nendlela ekubhekiswe ngayo
- Ukutshintshwa kweenxalenye zemigca yesevisi yenkonzo ephantsi kolawulo lwenkqubo yamanzi
Ngelishwa, akusoloko kunokwenzeka ukuphelisa zonke izinto ezihamba phambili. Ukunyanga kwamanzi ngeekhemikhali ezichasene ne-corrosion kunokunciphisa ukukhokela kodwa kungenakukuphelisa ukusuka kwi-tap in water tap.
Ukuxilongwa kwe-Medicaid Ukuhlola ukuTyhefu
Inyaniso ihlala iwukuthi ukuphepha konke ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto kungabikho rhoqo. Kule nto, kubalulekile ukukhenkcelela ukukhokelela kwikhokelo ekukhuseleni abantu abaphezulu, kubantwana.
Amaziko okuLawula nokuKhuselwa kwezifo kunye ne-American Academy ye-Pediatrics ancoma ukuhlolisiswa kwabantwana abanokwenkcenkcesha okubanjelwayo, oko kukuthi abo bangoku okanye bahlala emakhaya asebekhulile okanye abo banezingane kunye nabantwana abathandana nabo kunye namazinga aphakamileyo egazi.
Bonke abantwana ababhalise kwiMedicaid , nangona kunjalo, kufuneka bafumane iimvavanyo zokuhlola igazi kwiinyanga ezili-12 kunye neenyanga ezingama-24 ubudala. Ukuba omnye waba bantwana akanalo naluphi na ucalulo oluphambili olubhalwe kwirekhodi yezobugqirha kwaye luphakathi kweenyanga ezingama-24 no-72 ubudala, umniki-nkonzo wonyango uyafuneka ukuba afumane.
Ukuhlolwa kwethotho kukwenza lula. Kudinga isampuli yegazi enokuqokelelwa kumntu olula kumnwe okanye kwigazi lomthonyama udweba ngenaliti efakwe kwisitya sakho. Isampuli ingaqokelelwa kwiofisi yakho ugqirha okanye kwi-laboratory.
Ngelishwa, akubona bonke abantwana abafanelekileyo abahlolwayo. Idatha yeMedicaid ngo-2015 ibonisa ukuba kuphela iipesenti ezingama-38 zabantwana abaphakathi kweenyanga ezili-12 ne-24 ubudala. IKomiti yeSizwe yoQinisekiso loQiniso (NCQA), inhlangano engenzi nzuzo, ikhuphe idatha eqikelela ukuba kuphela i-66 ekhulwini yabantwana abaneminyaka emi-2 ubudala ababhalise kwiMedicaid baye bahlolwa kwiinqanaba zokuhamba kwiminyaka emibili edlulileyo. Amazwe angama-30 kuphela achaza le milinganiselo kwi-NCQA, nangona kunjalo, oko kungenako ukubonakalisa umyinge welizwe loqobo.
Siya Kuvelaphi Kulapha?
Njengoko ukuhlolwa kwenkxaso ephezulu kuqhutyelwa, inani labantwana abaza kufumaneka ukuba liphakanyiswe ngamanqanaba aphezulu aphezulu ayenyuka. Oko kuthetha ukuba kufuneka sibe nezixhobo ezikhoyo ukuze singabi yikrini nje kuphela, kodwa nokuba baphathe abo baphathwe.
I-Medicaid iyaqhubeka nokubonelela ngokubakhokela kwabo bonke abantwana, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yingozi, kwaye ikhuthaza ukuba amanyathelo alandelayo athatyathwe kwezinye i-arhente zonyango:
- Ukusebenzisana kunye ne-arhente yezempilo karhulumente ukukhupha abantwana abangakhange bavavanywe
- Ukuqhagamshelana nabanikezeli bezempilo ukuze baqinisekise ukuba bayabhenqa abantwana njengoko kufuneka
- Ukongeza iimfuneko zokuhlola kwizivumelwano zokunyamekela
- Ukwandisa uvavanyo ngokusebenzisa iiNkwenkwekazi, iiNtsana kunye neNkqubo zeNyana (i-WIC) kunye neeklinikhi zempilo zendawo
I-Medicaid ithemba ukuba le migudu edibeneyo iya kuba nakho ukugcina abantwana abasemngciphekweni bekhuselekile kwiinkinga zempilo zexesha elide.
> Imithombo:
> Iinkcukacha zobuninzi beNtsholongwane yabantwana, iStatisti, kunye nokuHlola. Amaziko okuLawulwa kweNtsholongwane kunye noThintelo lweSifo. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/data/index.htm.
> Ukujongana nokuLinga kweNgcaciso yeGazi kubantwana ababhalise kwiMedicaid kunye neNkqubo yeNtshuwalense yeMpilo yabantwana. Website Medicaid.gov. https://www.medicaid.gov/federal-policy-guidance/downloads/cib113016.pdf.
> Ikhokelo. I-website ye-Arhente ye-Environmental Protection Agency .https: //www.epa.gov/lead.
> Isexwayiso C, uTsang K, iGalazka S. Ubuthi beNkokeli kubantwana. I-Phys Physician. 2010 uMatshi 15; 81 (6): 751-757. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0315/p751.html