I-Galactic Cosmic Rays-Eminye Yeengxaki zeMission Mission
Ngaba izazi ze-Mars Mission ziya kuvelisa i- leukemia ukusuka kohambo ukuya kwi-Planet ebomvu? Kungathi ngathi ngumbuzo ongaqhelekanga, kodwa izifundo ze-NASA-ezixhaswa ngemali zikhangele kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto ekulungiseleleni into enokuba yindoda enqabileyo yokuxhamla uluntu-uhambo oluya eMars. Uhambo kunye nabasebenzi bezilwanyana zingaqalisa ngokukhawuleza nje ngee-2030s. Kukho iindidi ezahlukileyo zalo projekthi ebalulekileyo, kwaye ucwangciso nophando seluqalisile.
Unokujonga zonke iiplani, kubandakanywa izigaba ezintathu ezihlukeneyo zokuhlola, kwi-"Nendlela eya kwi-Overview Overview" ye-NASA.
Ukuthunyelwa komsebenzi eMars kuza neengozi ezininzi, ezinye ziyaziwayo kwaye ezinye mhlawumbi zingaziwa. Enye yezinto ezixhalabisa ngabahambi ngexesha elizayo yempembelelo yemoya yendawo enzulu kwimpilo yabantu. Kuphononongo olutsha lwe-NASA, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba i-radiation space spacing inokuphakamisa umngcipheko we-leukemia kwi-astronauts, eziswe ngenguqu kwii-cell stem ezibalulekileyo emnzini wethambo ophakamisa onke amathambo egazi omtsha emzimbeni.
Izaziso ezivela kwi-X-ray kunye ne-CT Scans
Ukuchasana kwamafutha kunomthwalo wokukwazi ukulimaza . Kukhona imisebe ebonisa i-radiation kunye nemisebe engeyiyo ioni.
Nangona i-radiation engenayo i-ionizing, njengale mibala ye-UV evela elangeni, inokulimaza, unokuzikhusela kulolu hlobo lwemibala elula kakhulu. Ukukhanya kwemisebe kunzima ukuphepha. Ukuchithwa kwemisebe kungathatha izinto kwaye utshintshe ukuhlawulwa kwee-athomu kwizinto ezikufutshane.
Iinqununu ezinxulumene nemisebe ye-ionizing kwi-space zivela kwiincinci zebhanti ezibanjelwe emanzini (iVan Allen Belts), imitha ye-cosmic, kunye neengqungquthela zelanga.
Kwimeko yeemitha ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga umdlavuza, izibonelelo zonyango lwe-ionizing (ukubulala amangqamuzana omhlaza) zilinganiswa nemingcipheko ebonakalayo, ezinjengeengxaki ezincinane kunye nexesha elide, kubandakanywa nokutsha kwesifo esitsha emva koko.
Ngokufanayo, ukuvezwa kwimizila e-x-rays kunye ne-CT scans ayithathwa ngokulula, kuba ukugqithisa nokungabalulekanga kwimizimba yezokwelapha kunye nokuxilonga kunokuncedisa kumngcipheko wobomi bokugula .
Izaziso ezivela kwiGalactic Cosmic Rays
I-radiation ihamba ngamandla, kunye nemitha ye-galactic ye-cosmic ray (GCRs) yindlela enye yomlambo enomdla omkhulu njengoko uhambelana nokuhamba kwendawo. AmaGCR amaninzi avela ngaphandle kwenkqubo yethu yelanga, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo evela kwi-Milky Way galaxy. I-GCR ibinzima kakhulu, ions i-energy yezinto eziye zazithatha zonke i-electron zaso xa zithwele i-galaxy malunga nantoni yokukhanya.
Umbane wezithuba ezizantsi zihluke kwizinto esizibona kumhlaba-okanye nakwi-Earth-orbit-ephantsi-kuba kukho "ngaphezulu" kwimizila ephezulu ye-galactic ye-cosmic ray apho, ngaphezu kweemitha ezivela kwimimangaliso yelanga kunye amabhande aseburhulumenteni asondele ekhaya. Umhlaba uneebhanti zemizila ebizwa ngokuthi iVan Allen ibhanti enyuka malunga no-1 000 ukuya kwii-60 000 ikhilomitha ngaphezu komhlaba.
Intsimi ye-magnetic yonakalisa i-radiation kwaye ikhusela umoya we-Earth kwintsikelelo, kodwa umsebenzi we-Mars udinga ukuhamba kwendawo enzulu.
Ngaphezu koko, i-Mars yalahlekelwa yintsimi yeemitha ezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo, ngokokuba abantu ekugqibeleni babeka unyawo kwiPlanethi eliBomvu, abayi kubakho ukukhuselwa okunjalo. I-NASA iyazi kakuhle ezi ngozi kwaye isebenza kwizicombululo ezinokwenzeka. Oososayensi be-NASA baye baphakamisa ithemba lokudala intsimi yamandla emmandla malunga ne-Mars ukukhusela iindwendwe zangomso.
Yintoni enokuyenza i-Galactic Cosmic Rays kubantu?
Impembelelo yomsakazo kubantu kwi-space ihlolwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye akusiyo nje i-leukemia kunye nesifo sokungcola esayinayo. I-NASA iphinda iqhuba izifundo ezijonge kwiindawo zokuhamba ngeendawo, indlela ukuvezwa ngayo okunjalo kunokuphazamisa ukuqonda nokuziphatha, kunye nendlela izakhi ezenza ngayo imilayezo-kwaye ngokukodwa, yiziphi iigesi ezivuliwe kwaye ziphi na izakhi zofuzo ezivaliweyo.
Ubomi kwiMars bungenza ingozi yokukhuselwa yi-leukemia, ngokwedatha eqokelelwe iqela lophando e-Wake Forest Baptist Medical Centre. Eli qela liphande iimpembelelo ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ze-hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). I-HSCs ngokwenene iiseli ezifanayo eziye zakuba zivile malunga nokuba zisetyenziselwa unyango lomhlaza kwezinye iimeko.
Xa isigulane sinamaqondo aphezulu e-chemotherapy ecwangcisiweyo ukubulala amangqamuzana omhlaza, i-chemo inokuthi ithathe amanxeba kwiiseli ezinamaqondo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuguquka komnxeba weethambo , okanye i-hematopoietic stem cell transplants , inokwenziwa ukuba kukhuliswe amandla esi sigulane sokufumana ukuqala ngokutsha kunye neeseli ezitsha zegazi, ezitsha. Lawa awona maseli efana negazi efonini lakho elithambo elivelisa zonke iiseli zegazi ezintsha njengoko abadala bephela. Iiseli ezivuthiwe egazini ziquka iiseli ezibomvu eziphefumula i-oksijeni kwimiphunga yakho ukuya emzimbeni wakho wonke, kodwa kunye neeseli ezimhlophe ezikunceda ukulwa nesifo kunye nesifo.
Ikomiti eWake Forest ithathe la maHSC aphuma kwigazi ukusuka kubanikeli abanempilo abaneminyaka engama-30 ukuya ku-55 ubudala kwaye bawabeka emisebeni echanekileyo kunye ne-GCR njengeemilenze ezilindeleke ukuba ziqhube izibhamu ngexesha lomsebenzi we-Mars. Bahlalutya iiseli ebhodisini emva koko bafumanisa ukuba i-radiation yachaphazela iiseli kwisigaba se-stem, okwenza ukuba utshintsho kwiijethi ezithintele amandla abo okuphuhlisa zibe ngamaseli egazi aphezulu. Ukuchithwa kwemisebe yokunciphisa i-radiation kwanciphisa i-cell stem ukukwazi ukuvelisa phantse zonke iintlobo zeeseli zegazi, kwaye amandla abo okwenza iiseli ezintsha zancinciwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngama-60 ukuya kuma-80 ekhulwini, ngokutsho kukaChristopher Porada, umphandi ophezulu kule projekthi.
Ukunciphisa okunjalo kwiiseli zegazi kunokuthi kuthini kubadlali be-astronauts yinto eninzi yezigulane zegciwane lesifo segazi esele ziyazi malunga- ukwehla kwamaseli obomvu kungabangela i-anemia , eneempawu ezifana nokudiniwe, ubuthathaka, ukuphefumula, kunye nokunyamezela. Ukuncitshiswa kweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi kunokunciphisa ukukhuselwa komzimba, ukukhusela ukukhuselwa komzimba. Kwaye ukunciphisa iiplatelet kunokwenza umntu abe neengxaki zokuqhawula kunye nokuphuma kweengxaki, ngokuqhwala okanye ukuphaphaza okungavamile.
Ukusebenzisa iigundane ukuze ufumane iNgxaki
Ngokuqhelekileyo uphando lwezobugqirha, ukufunyanwa okubonakala kubonakala kwi-laboratory akunakho ukuveliswa okanye ukuqinisekiswa xa kubalulekile, ngokwenene, ukuphefumula komuntu-okanye imouse ukuqala. Ukuze uzame ukuqonda indlela ukubonakaliswa kweemitha ezibonakalayo kubonakala ngayo kwizinto eziphilayo, iqela laseWake Forest litshintshela i-GCR-irradiated HSCs kwiigundane.
Iigundane zaqhubeka zakha i- T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia . Eli qela lichaze oku njengento yokuqala ekuboniseni ukuba i-radiation space space inganyusa ubungozi be-leukemia kubantu.
I-T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs) zizigulane zegazi ezinokutsha ngenxa yokutshintsha kakubi kwiiseli ezenza i-T-cells, okanye iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-T-lymphocytes. I-NONKE i-akhawunti ye-10 ekhulwini ukuya kuma-15 ekhulwini kubantwana BONKE kunye nama-25 ekhulwini abadala bonke. Iziguli ezine-T-ZONKE zivame ukuba nethambo lomnkantsha ogcwele i-cell T cell lymphoblast, kunye nokubala okuphezulu kweeseli zegazi, iindawo ezifubeni kunye nokubandakanyeka rhoqo kwinkqubo ye-nervous central ngexesha lokuxilongwa. Ukunyanga amazinga angaphezu kwama-75 ekhulwini kubantwana kunye nama-50 ekhulwini kubantu abadala abaye babonwa nale sifo.
Ngaphantsi kweSifundo seMouse
Iziphumo zabaphenyi zazivumela ukuba zigqibe ukuba iziphumo ezimbini ezahlukahlukeneyo zemizi-mveliso kungenzeka ukuba zisebenza emsebenzini wokuvela kwe-leukemia. Okokuqala, bafumene umonakalo wemfuyo kwi-HSC bangakhokelela ngqo ekuphuhliseni i-leukemia. Okwesibini, ukukhanya kwemisebe kungonakali amandla okwenza ii-HSC ukwenza iil cell ze-T kunye ne-B, zombini zazo zingamaseli egazi ezimhlophe ezingabandakanyeka ekulwa nabahlaseli bamanye amazwe njengabaktheriya, kodwa kunye neeseli zesisu. Ngoko ke, awukho nje kuphela uguquko lwemizimba kwii-cell stem ezinokukhokelela kwi-leukemia, kodwa unesistim somzimba sokukhubazeka ngokumalunga nokukwazi ukuphelisa iiseli ezibi ezivela ekutshintshisweni kwemitha.
> Imithombo
> Dachev T, Horneck G, Häder DP, et al. Iprofayili yexesha lokubonakaliswa kwemitha ye-cosmic ngexesha le-mission-EX: Umsebenzi we-R3DE. Astrobiology . 2012; 12 (5): 403-411.
> Van Vlierberghe P, uFerrando A. I-molecule yeT cell i-lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest . 2012; 122 (10): 3398-3406.