Izifo ezizenzekelayo ngokuzenzekelayo 101
Isistim somzimba sakho sikhusela umzimba wakho kwiintsholongwane zamanye amazwe nezinye izinto. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kwaye ziguquguqukayo, isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisichaza kwaye sikukhusela-njengoko sikhombisa kwaye siyabhubhisa, yintoni na ongeyena.
Ukuze wenze umsebenzi walo, isistim somzimba kufuneka siqonde umehluko phakathi kwezinto zangaphandle okanye i-molecule, ebizwa ngokuba yi- antigen , kunye neeseli kunye nezicubu zomzimba wakho, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-antigen antigen.
Uhlala usemsebenzini, isistim somzimba sakho sichitha ubomi bakho, ukutshekisha, ukukhumbula, nokutshabalalisa ama-antigen anokuzilimaza.
I-T- ne-B-Iiseli
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zegazi ezimhlophe ezibandakanyekayo ekukhuseleni umzimba wakho ngokuchasene nezifo okanye ingxaki. Ukuba ugula, ugqirha wakho unokusongela intsholongwane, kwaye ulandele ipaneli yegazi ukuze ubone ukuba umzimba wakho uphakamise ukuphendula komzimba, ukwandisa inani leeseli ezimhlophe ezijikelezayo emzimbeni wakho.
Ezinye zezo ntlobo zegazi ezimhlophe zi-lymphocytes. Iindidi ezimbini ze-lymphocyte zi- T-seli kunye neeseli ze- B . Nangona ezi zimbini ze-lymphocytes-zineemisebenzi ezahlukileyo.
I-T-cell ichonga izifo, okanye i-antigens, ekhwele emanzini akho. Xa iseli isulelekile, livelisa impendulo yamachiza eqhutyelwa phezulu kwiijesi ezibizwa ngokuba yi- complex hertocompatibility complex (MHC) . Emva kokuba iimpendulo zamakhemikhali zivela kumhlaba, ukudlulisa i-T-cell zikwaziswa ngokubonakala kwe-antigen.
I-T-cell ngayinye inombolo enkulu yamamolekyuli e-receptor ephezulu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-T-cell receptor, eyenza ukuchonga nokubeka iteksi ekhulelwe.
Ngoncedo lwee-cell, i-cell-B zikhokelela kakhulu ekudaleni i-antibodies edibeneyo ebophelwa kwi-antigen kwaye ibonakalise ngokutshabalaliswa ngumzimba wokuzivikela.
Ezinye iintlobo ezimbini zeeseli zegazi ezimhlophe zi- macrophages kunye neutrophils .
Macrophages ne Neutrophils
Ukuhlasela iintsholongwane kunye nama-microorganisms angena kumzimba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Xa besenza, badibana nezinye izidlo ezinkulu, ngokoqobo. I-macrophages iyakujikeleza, ilandele kwaye idle ama-antigens kunye nezidumbu ezingenayo impawu (kunye neeprotheni) zamaseli enempilo. I-macrophages ijikeleza kuwo onke amacu egazi neyamazimba. Ezinye iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe zi-neutrophils, ezijikeleza egazini, kodwa kungekhona kuzo zonke izicubu, zenza umsebenzi ofanayo.
Olunye uhlobo lokuhlaselwa olusetyenziswa ngama-macrophages kunye neutrophils kukukhutshwa kwamamolekyuli enobuthi ukulimaza okanye ukubulala ii-microorganisms zangaphandle. Ebizwa ngokuba ngama-molecule asebenzayo oksijini , ezi ziichiza ziyingozi kwiisiski ezijikelezayo ukuba zininzi ziveliswa ixesha elide.
Isifo esizimele esibizwa ngokuba yi-Wegener sika-granulomatosis yimeko eqhubiwe yi-neutrophils engasebenziyo kunye ne-macrophages. Imfihlo yecyhefu eyenzelwe ama-antigen awonakalise imilambo yegazi endaweni. I-rheumatoid arthritis, iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe, kunye nama-molecule asebenzayo, zifudukela kumalungu, ezibangela ukuvuvukala okukhokelela ekudakaleni, ukufudumala kunye nomonakalo odibeneyo kunye no-RA.
I-MHC kunye neMo-Stimulatory Molecules
Ngasentla, sathetha ngomsebenzi weejesi ezithwala i-MHC molecule kwi-cell cell. Ezi molekyuli zenziwe yileli kunye neengcezu zentsholongwane, okanye i-antigen, eye yangenela iseli.
Njengeflegi ebomvu, impendulo ye-MHC ibonisa iiseli ze-T ukuphendula. Unxibelelwano lwenzeka kuqala xa isalathisi ebonisa i-antigen ibonisa ubukho be-antigen, kwaye okwesibini xa isignali ithunyelwa kwiseli elisulelekileyo ukuya kwi-receptor ehambelanayo kwi-T cell. Iimolyuli kwiseli elikhulelwe, kunye ne-T-cell ephendulayo ephendula impendulo yomzimba ekuthiwa yi-mole-molecule.
Ikhwelo elihle kunye neempendulo zamamolekyuli okhuthazayo, xa isebenza ngokuchanekileyo, ivuselela iseli nganye isenzo sokutshabalalisa i-antigen. Ukusebenzisana kwala malekyuli ngumhlaba ophandeleleyo wophando malunga nokulawulwa, okanye ukuyeka, ukusebenzisana nomzimba xa amaseli akho aphilileyo kunye neethambo ziphosakele ngenxa yokuhlasela kwama-antigen.
IiCytokines kunye neKokokines
Ekusebenzisaneni kwama-molecule avuselelanayo, i-T-seli iyakwazi ukukhuphela iikhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuthi i-cytokines kunye ne-chemokines. Ngamanye alezi zixhobo zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzivikela.
Iicytokines zinama-immune proteins ezingaba zibiza ngeenxa zonke iiseli ze-immune ukuba zenze amanyathelo, kwaye ziphinde zenze iiseli ezingekho mzimba. Omnye umzekelo wolu lukhuni lwesikhumba olwenzeka nge-dismune disorder scleroderma.
Uhlobo lwe-cytokine, i-chemokines ludla ingqalelo iiseli ezongezelelweyo zesistim somzimba, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuvelisa impendulo yokuvuvukala emva kokulimala okanye ukusuleleka. Kuninzi kakhulu into enobungozi. Ukuqheliswa kwama-chemokines ku-RA, umzekelo, kubangela intlungu kunye nomonakalo kumalungu njengoko macrophages kunye neutrophils basabela kwisignali ephosakeleyo.
IAndibodies
Ekhutshwe yi-B-cell, ii-antibodies zibopha ama-antigens angaphandle kwaye zincedisa ekutshatyalaliswa kwabo. Iifom ze-T zixhakamshelana kunye ne-B-cell ngokusebenzisa i-cytokines. Emva kokufumana umyalelo ngeT-cell, i-cell-B iyakwazi ukuvelisa i-antibody ekhethekileyo efunekayo ukujolisa kwi-antigen, okanye i-antigen.
Autoantibodies
Iingxaki zenzeka xa i-immune system yenza i-autoantibodies ngokuchanekileyo-i-antibodies-literally against itself. Ingxaki ephawulekayo yezifo ezizimelayo zithetha ukuba isistim somzimba sisebenzise i-self-antigens-iiseli zakho, izicubu kunye namalungu-njengamanye amazwe.
Kwalabo abanengxaki yokuzimela, i-myasthenia gravis, ubunzima obuthathaka besi sifo kubangelwa yi-autoantibodies ezijolise kwiimbulunga ezithile ezijongene nokunyakaza kwemisipha.
I-Compune Complexes kunye neComplement System
Ama-antibodies akhiqizwa yi-B-cells ebophelela kuma-antigens athile. Le ntshukumo yokuxilonga ibizwa ngokuba yi- immune complex . Nanku kwakhona-into eninzi into enobungozi emzimbeni womntu.
Xa umzimba uphazamisa amangqamuzana omzimba kunye neengxaki, le mpendulo evuzayo ingavimba ukuhamba kwegazi kwiinqanawa kuwo wonke umzimba, ukutshabalalisa izicubu kunye namalungu. Umonakalo wezintso kubangelwa yimpendulo ekhuselweyo yokukhuselana nomzimba kulabo abanesifo se-lupus.
Kwiimpendulo eziqhelekileyo zokuzikhusela komzimba, umzimba uvelisa iamolekyu ezikhethekileyo ezenza inkqubo yenkxaso . Inkqubo yokucedisa ikhupha izicubu, kunye neendawo zeseli zokuxilongwa kwe-immune, esebenza ukuze zenze i-soluble kwaye zihluthe xa zingasadingeki. Oku kusebenza ukukhusela umonakalo we-vascular kunye nomzimba ochaphazelekayo ngabachaphazelekayo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iipatheni zegeni ezizuze ilifa elithintela ukuthathwa kwamanyathelo omzimba omzimba. Le ngxaki ayiyiyo isifo esizimele, kodwa ihlala ixelisa umonakalo owenziwe ngabo bafumene i-lupus.
Izinto zobomi
Njengoko sathetha ngasekuqaleni, ukuveliswa kwezinto zakho zofuzo kunokukubeka phambili ekuphuhliseni i-dismune disorder. Izaziso zakho ziyimpawu zeeseli zakho zokuzivikela, kunye nomsebenzi. Iipateni ezifanayo zeempawu ze-T-cell receptors, uhlobo lwama-molecule e-MHC akhiqizwayo, kunye nezinye iimpawu zokuphendula komzimba wakho. Kodwa iizakhi zodwa aziyi kulungelelanisa ukuphuhliswa kwakho kwesifo esisodwa. Abanye abantu abaneentlobo zee-molecule ze-MHC ezizimela ngokuzenzekelayo azizange zenze i-dismune disorder.
Inkimbinkimbi, kwaye ihlala isebenza, isimiso sakho somzimba sisebenzela nzima ukukhusela impilo yakho. Kulula ukubona indlela ukungasebenzi ngayo nawaphi na amanqanaba omphendulo wokuzivikela omzimba kungakhokelela kwisifo esixhalabisayo, esiyingozi esingapheliyo.