I-Astrocytes kunye neCellglial Cells Sula i-Neuron Connections kude
Uphando luyaqhubeka luvula ezinye iimfihlelo zokulala. Ukuqonda kweklinikhi kunokuvela kwiminyaka-okanye nangangeenkulungwane-ngaphambi kokuba isayensi inokuchazela le nto. Njengomzekelo, siyazi ukuba ukulala kokulala kunempembelelo engalunganga kumsebenzi wengqondo nomzimba . Uphando lwezesayensi lusinceda siqonde ukuba kutheni.
Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba ukulahleka kokulala kunokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweeseli ngaphakathi kwengqondo, kubandakanya i-astrocytes kunye neeseli ezincinci, ezikhangela kwaye zicimise ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-neurons.
Hlola inzululwazi emva kwalolu hlobo, oko kuthetha ntoni kubuntwini bentliziyo, kwaye yintoni enokwenziwa ukukhusela umsebenzi wengqondo ngokuqinisekisa ukuphumla okwaneleyo.
Iimpembelelo zoLondolozo lokulala
Ukususela ekupheleni kwee-1800, uphando lubonise ukuba ukulala kokulala kungabangela ingozi enkulu kumzimba. Uphando olwenziwe kwizinja lubonisa ukuba ukungabikho kokulala okungapheli kwaholela ekufeni kwimiba yeentsuku. Nangona isiphumo sacacile, loo ndlela yayingenayo.
Kwiminyaka emashumi edluleyo, ummandla wophando lokulala utyumbile, kodwa kukho imfihlelo emininzi esele ixazululwe. Kubonakala ngathi izifundo ezintsha zenza i-splash nge-weekly. Kubalulekile ukuqonda le maphepha kumxholo wezobugcisa obanzi. Oku kusenokuthi kube lula ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngakumbi xa ulwimi olusetyenzisiweyo lubonakala ngezinye izihlandlo. Thatha isikhashana ukuphonononga ezinye zeziphumo zophando kwaye uqwalasele intsingiselo enokufunyanwa.
Ukufunda Ukulahleka Kwebuthongo kwiBlue Brains
Makhe sihlolisise uphando malunga nendima yokulahleka kokulala kunye nempembelelo kwiiseli ngaphakathi kwikhanksi yeegundane. I-anatomy ne-physiology yeigundane azihambelani kakuhle nabantu, kodwa izibonelelo ezifana nezifundo zophando ziyacaca. Ukuphucula uphando olwenziwe ngonyango lithembele kule mizekelo ye mouse.
Kwiphepha kwi- Journal of Neuroscience ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukulahleka Kwemali Kukhuthaza iProgocytosis Astrocytic kunye ne-Microglial Activation kwiMouse Cerebral Cortex," uMikhele Bellisi kunye noogxa baxubusha inguqu ebonakalayo ngaphakathi kwengqondo ebubini kunye nobunzima bokulala. Abaphandi baye bahlola iiseli zengqondo kunye nendlela ukulala kuchaphazela ngayo umsebenzi wabo iminyaka.
Kukho imigaqo embalwa ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqondwe ukuba iyayixabisa iziphumo zazo. Ingqondo ineqela lamaseli abalulekileyo. I-Neurons ngabadlali abalulekileyo, esebenzayo ngokusebenzisa i-electrochemical connections ngeendlela ezininzi. Kukho iqela leenkxaso zeseli ngaphakathi kwengqondo ebizwa ngokuba yi-cell glial. Ezi ziquka i-astrocytes, iiseli ezinemibala ezinjengeenkwenkwezi ezivulela ezinye iiseli kwaye zenze iimbumba kwaye zidlala indima kwimetabolism. I-Microglia yileli iiseli zesigxina kunye nomsebenzi njengamaseli ezinqanda. Ziyi-phagocyte (ngokoqobo, "zitya iiseli") ezihlambulula iindumbu ngaphakathi kwengqondo. Ukusetyenziswa kwala maseli ngaphakathi kwengqondo kungabangela ukuvuvukala.
Abaphandi baye bafunda ukuba kukho iigesi ezithile (ezibizwa ngokuthi iMertk kunye neGesi yayo yegand6 ) ngaphakathi kweenkwenkwezi ezenziwa emva kokunqongophala kokulala. Xa ukuvuka kuqhubeka, ezi zisele zibonakala zibandakanya umsebenzi we-phagocytic.
Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba ukungabikho kokulala kubangela ukuvuvukala emzimbeni, kodwa kwakungaziwa ukuba olu tshintsho lwenzeka ngaphakathi kwengqondo.
Iqela lophando laseBellisi lihlolisise iimpembelelo zokulahla ubuthongo kwiibhendi zamagundane ngokusebenzisa i-microscope ye-electron yeskrini kunye neesampuli zamathambo ezithathwe kwi-cortex yangaphambili. Bakhangele amaqela ambalwa: ukuvuka ngokukhawuleza, emva kweeyure ezisibhozo ukuya kweyisibhozo zokulala, ukulahlwa kwamandla okulala, kunye nokungapheliyo (iintsuku ezi-ezintlanu) zokunqongophala kokulala. Abaphandi babalinganisa imiqulu ngaphakathi kwe-synapses-izikhala phakathi kwe-neurons-kunye neenkqubo ezikufutshane ezisuka kuma-astrocyte angumakhelwane.
Iibhendi ZeBongo Ziyatshintsha Njani Ubuthongo Bokulala?
Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ama-astrocytes akhulisa i-phagocytosis yabo kokubili ukulahleka okungapheliyo nokulala okungapheliyo. Ezi iiseli zidla izixhobo ze-syapses ezinkulu, ngokukodwa kwicala le-presynaptic lezonxibelelwano. Ukwanda kwegama le-MERTK kunye ne-metabolism ye lipids (ebizwa ngokuba yi-peroxidation) isekela lo msebenzi. Kuthetha ntoni ukuthini ingqibelelo yengqondo?
I-phagocytosis ye-astrocytes ekunqongopheni kokulala ingabonisa indlela iinkophe zengqondo ezithatha ngayo ukwandiswa komsebenzi we-synaptic odibene nokuvuka kwexesha elide. Khumbula ukuba ukulala kokulala akukhona nje ukungabikho kokulala; kukutya kokuvuka. Le yinkqubo efuna amandla, kwaye enye ivelisa iimveliso zerkunkuma. Ama-astrocytes kufuneka acacise izixhobo ezigqithiseleyo ze-syapses ezisetyenziswa kakhulu.
Ukulahla okungapheliyo kwiindlovu kubangele ukusebenziselwa kwe-microglial. Ezi iiseli zibizwa ngokusemthethweni kwiinkalo ze-phagocytize ze-synapse, njengegqeba elikhuselekileyo elibizele ukucoca umonakalo omkhulu. Nangona kwakungekho impawu ebonakalayo yokuvuvukala ngaphakathi kwe-cerebrospinal fluid ezungeze ubuchopho, ubukho beli seli kwiisisiti zeengqondo ziphathelele. Kungenzeka ukuba ukunyeliswa okongezelelweyo kwengqondo kungakhokelela ekuphenduleni okungaqhelekanga, kunye neeseli, mhlawumbi kunomthelela kumonakalo wengqondo. Ngenxa yoko, ukulahleka okungapheliyo kokulala kungadlulisela ingqondo kwiingxaki ezisisigxina.
Iimpembelelo zoLondolozo lokulala kwiMpilo yexesha elide
Mhlawumbi ininzi ngokuphathelele ukuba aba baphandi babonisa ukuba nje iiyure ezimbalwa zokulahlwa kokulala kubangela ukwanda komsebenzi phakathi kweeseli ze-astrocyte. Xa ukunyuswa kokulala kwandiswa, umsebenzi wanda kakhulu kwaye iiseli ezincinci zenziwa kwakhona. Le imisebenzi yokugcina indlu inganceda ukuxhasa ii-synapses ezinamandla ngaphakathi kwengqondo.
Ngelishwa, ukungabikho kokulala okungapheliyo kunokufana nezinye izixinzelelo, kwaye ushiye ingqondo ingabonakalisa umonakalo kunye nokutshabalalisa, mhlawumbi nokukhokelela kumazwe anjenge-dementia.
Indlela Yokuphepha Iimiphumo Zobunzima bokulala
Kuphathelele ukucinga ukuba ukulala kokulala kungabangela umonakalo ongunaphakade kwengqondo yakho. Yintoni enokuyenza?
Ukuze uphephe imiphumo yokulahlwa kokulala, qiniseka ukuba udibana nezidingo zakho zokulala . Ngokomyinge, umntu omdala udinga iiveli ezisixhenxe ukuya ku-9 zokulala ukuze azive ephumle. Abantu abadala abadala bangadinga ukulala okungaphantsi. Ukuba ulala ngokukhawuleza, sichitha ixesha elithile uvuke ebusuku, kwaye uziva ulele ngexesha lomhla (ngokukodwa nge-naps), usenokungakwazi ukulala ngokwaneleyo.
Ngaphandle kwemali, qiniseka ukuba ufumana umgangatho wokulala ophezulu. Ubuthongo bufanele buphumle. Ukuba unayo nayiphi na impawu yokuphazamiseka kokulala, njenge- apnea yokulala okanye ubuthongo , fumana uncedo olufunekayo ukusombulula le miqathango. Musa ukuthembela ekulaleni iipilisi ezingapheli kwiiveki ezimbalwa njengoko ezi zinto zingenalo ukulala okuqhelekileyo.
Ngokuphucula ubuthongo bakho, oku kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana izibonelelo zokuphumla ebusuku ngaphandle kokufuna ukukhathazeka ngemiphumo yesikhathi eside yokulala ngokwaneleyo.
ILizwi
Uphando lwezenzululwazi luxhasa ukuqonda kwethu indlela umzimba usebenza ngayo, kodwa ayinakwenzeka. Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba iziphumo zingaphikisana nolwazi olungaphambili, kwaye izifundo ezintsha zingaphosa umcimbi ngokukhanya okutsha.
Inzululwazi incoko, ukuqhubela phambili inyaniso. Ukuba le sifundo ikukhuthaza ukuba ulungele ukulala kwakho, ibaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yakho, kodwa akufanele iphakame ukukhathazeka ngokungathandekiyo malunga nokulahleka kokulala okwenzekile ngaphambili. Le nqanawa ihambe ngomkhumbi. Gxininisa into onokuyenza namhlanje kwaye uzuze impilo yakho yesikhathi eside ehamba phambili.
> Imithombo:
> Bellisi M, et al . "Ukulahleka Kokulala Kukhuthaza iProgocytosis Astrocytic ne-Microglial Activation kwiMouse Cerebral Cortex." I- Journal ye-Neuroscience . 24 Meyi 2017; 37 (21): 5263-5273.
> Bentivoglio M kunye noGrssi-Zucconi G. "Uphononongo olwenziwa ngovavanyo lokulala ngokulala." Ukulala . 1997 Jul; 20 (7): 570-6.
> Hlela, JD. I-High-Yield Neuroanatomy . Inkcazelo yesi-2. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, 2000, iphe. 30-32.
> IiPops D, et al . Neuroscience . Sithathu. Sunderland, iMisa: Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2004, iphe. 8-9.