Izicwangciso zonyango lwe- Lupus zilungelelaniswa neemfuno zakho kwaye zingatshintshwa ngokuhamba kwexesha. Uluhlu kunye nokusebenza kwonyango lwe-lupus lwandisiwe, kunika oogqirha ukhetho oluninzi kwindlela yokulawula eso sifo emva kokuxilongwa kwaye emva koko. Amachiza enkcazo njengemithi ye-immunosuppressive kunye ne-anti-inflammatory, phakathi kwezinye iindlela, anokusetyenziswa.
Kubalulekile ukuba usebenze ngokusondeleyo kunye nogqirha wakho kwaye uthathe indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni isigulo sakho, ukuhlaziya kwakhona isicwangciso sakho socwangco rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba kusebenza ngokusemandleni.
Emva kokuba i-lupus ifunyenwe, ugqirha wakho uza kuphuhlisa isicwangciso sonyango ngokusekelwe kwiminyaka yakho, ngesondo, impilo, iimpawu kunye nendlela yokuphila. Ekuphuhliseni isicwangciso sakho sonyango, ugqirha wakho uneenjongo ezininzi:
- Ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala okubangelwa sisifo
- Ukukhusela iimpawu zokuzikhusela eziqhelekileyo ezinoxanduva lokuvuvuka kwezicubu
- Ukuthintela iirhari kwaye uphathe xa kwenzeka
- Izimpawu zolawulo
- Ukunciphisa iingxaki
Imigaqo
Imithi yonyango yinto ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwezigulane ezininzi ezine-lupus erythematosus (SLE) ye-ystem, uhlobo oluphambili lwe-lupus. Uninzi lwezikhetho zonyango zikhoyo, olwandise ukwenzeka kwonyango olululo kunye neziphumo zesigulane.
I-Lupus unyango kufuneka ifake njengamachiza ambalwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka njengokuba mfutshane ixesha elifanelekileyo.
Ezinye izigulane azize zifune imithi, kwaye abanye bayithatha kuphela njengoko kuyimfuneko okanye ngexesha elifutshane, kodwa abaninzi bafuna unyango oluqhubekayo kunye namanani atshintshayo. Nangona bekuncedo, akukho ziyobisi ezingenayo ingozi. Amachiza amaninzi asetyenziswa rhoqo ukulawula iimpawu ze-lupus:
- Izidakamizwa ezichasene nezidakamizwa (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs)
- Antimalarials
- Corticosteroids
- I-Immunosuppressives / izidakamizwa ezichasene nezifo ezichasene ne-rheumatic (DMARD)
Ukuba unempawu ezincinci ze-lupus , mhlawumbi uza kunyangwa nge-antimalarial kunye ne-NSAID ezinokuthi kunye / okanye i-dose emfutshane ye-corticosteroids.
Ukuba uneempawu ze- lupus ezicwangcisiweyo, icebo lonyango lwakho luza kubandakanya i-malaria kunye ne-corticosteroid efutshane-gama kuze kube yilapho i-malaria iqala ukusebenza. Unokuzuza kwakhona kwi-immunosuppressive.
Ngeempawu ezinzima ze-lupus ezibandakanya izitho zakho, kuya kufuneka ukuba ufune i-dose enkulu ye-immunosuppressive therapy. Unokuphinda uphathwe ngamazinga aphezulu e-corticosteroid ixesha elifutshane ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala kwakho. Njengoko i-lupus elula kunye neyomlinganiselo, uya kuzuza kwakhona kwi-antimalarial.
Iintlobo zezixhobo ezikhoyo kunye nobunzima bezicwangciso zonyango lunokuba lukhulu kwaye ludideke. Xa ugqirha wakho efika ngesicwangciso seyeza, kubalulekile ukuba uqonde kakuhle isizathu sokuthatha iziyobisi, indlela esebenza ngayo, ukuba ungakanani ukuthatha ukuthatha, xa ufuna ukuyithatha, nokuba zeziphi iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo kuba. Ukuba awuqinisekanga, qiniseka ukuba ubuze.
Uninzi lwezigulane zenza kakuhle kwiipilisi zamachiza kunye namava ambalwa emibi.
Ukuba wenza, zama ukungadikibala, ukhumbule ukuba ezinye iziyobisi zihlala zifumaneka. Kwakhona, kwazisa ugqirha wakho ngokukhawuleza. Kungaba yingozi ukuyeka ngokukhawuleza ukuthatha amayeza, kwaye akufanele unqume okanye utshintshe unyango ngaphandle kokuqala ukuthetha nodokotela wakho.
Antimalarials
I-Antimalarials yaqala ukuphuhliswa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II kuba i-quinine, unyango oluqhelekileyo we-malariya, yayisweleka. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba i-antimalarials ingasetyenziselwa ukuphatha intlungu edibeneyo eyenzeka nge- rheumatoid arthritis . Ukusetyenziswa okulandelelanayo kubonise ukuba ezi zonyango ziyasebenza ekulawuleni le miqathango ehlobene ne-lupus:
- Lupus arthritis
- Utywala
- Izilonda zomlomo
- Ukukhathala
- Fever
- Ukuqhaqha kwamathambo
I-Antimalarials, ezivunyiweyo yi-US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ukuphatha i-lupus, zisetyenziselwa ukunqanda iilora xa zithathwa ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa azinasetyenziswa ukulawula iimeko ezibi kakhulu, iindlela ze-lupus ezichaphazela izitho. Kungenzeka iiveki okanye iinyanga ngaphambi kokuba uqaphele ukuba ezi zi yobisi zilawula iimpawu zesifo.
Iindidi ze-antimalarials ziquka:
- I-Plaquenil (i-hydroxychloroquine sulfate)
- Aralen (chloroquine)
Nangona i-chloroquine isasetyenziswa, ngenxa yokhuseleko olungcono, i-hydroxychloroquine sulfate idla ngokukhetha. Isenzo esichasayo sokuvuvukala kwezi zi yobisi asiqondwa kakuhle. I-Antimalarials inokuchaphazela iiplatelets zakho ukunciphisa ingozi yegazi kunye namanqanaba eeplasma aphantsi.
Imiphumo emibi ye-antimalarials ingaquka:
- Isisu sithukuthele
- Ukulimala kwi-retina yeso (inqabileyo)
NSAID
Izidakamizwa ezichasene nezidakamizwa (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) (i-NSAID) ziquka iqela elikhulu kunye nekhemikhali yezilwanyana ezinobunzima bokunciphisa ubuhlungu, ukuchithwa, nokuchithwa komkhuhlane. Ubuhlungu kunye nokutshayala iingxaki eziqhelekileyo kwizigulane ezine-lupus, kunye nee- NSAID ziqhelekileyo izidakamizwa ezikhethiweyo kwizigulane ezine-lupus ezincinane okanye zingabandakanyekanga, nakuba zingavunywanga ngokusemthethweni yi-FDA ukuphatha i-lupus. Izigulane ezinokubandakanyeka komzimba ezinzulu zingadinga izidakamizwa ezinamandla kunye nezidakamizwa.
Nangona ezinye i-NSAID, ezifana ne-buprofen kunye ne-naproxen, ziyafumaneka ngaphezu kwe-counter-counter, igqirha lonyango liyadingeka kwabanye. Ii-SAs zingasetyenziselwa zodwa okanye zidibene nezinye iintlobo zamachiza ukulawula intlungu, ukuvuvukala kunye nomkhuhlane. Kubalulekile ukuba uthathe amachiza phantsi kolawulo lugqirha wakho. I-NSAID isenokuba yipilisi kuphela efunekayo ukuphatha i-flare epholileyo, kodwa isifo esisebenzayo sisenokufuna iimyeza ezongezelelweyo.
Iziphumo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazelekayo ze-NSAID zingaquka:
- Isisu sithukuthele
- Ukuguquka
- Uhudo
- Ukugcinwa kwamanzi
Abanye abantu baphinde bahlakulele isibindi, iinjongo, i-cardiovascular, okanye neengxaki ze-neuroloki ngokusebenzisa i-NSAID, okwenza kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uhlale udibene noogqirha wakho ngelixa uthabatha la mayeza.
Nangona zonke i-NSAID zibonakala zisebenza ngendlela efanayo, akuzona zonke iziphumo ezifanayo kuwo wonke umntu. Ukongeza, izigulane ziyakwenza kakuhle kwi-NSAID enye ngexesha elithile kwaye ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa zingaqala ukufumana inzuzo kuyo. Ukutshintshela kwi-NSAID eyahlukeneyo kunokuvelisa iziphumo ezifunwayo. Kufuneka usebenzise i-NSAID eyodwa kuphela nawuphi na ixesha.
Corticosteroids
I-Corticosteroids i-hormone ifihliwe yi-cortex ye-adrenal gland. Iinguqulelo zeempawu zala malekyuli zisetyenziselwa ukwelapha izidakamizwa ezinamandla. Igama elithi "steroids" lisoloko lingaqondwa kwaye ukudideka kunokubangelwa xa i-corticosteroids iphosakele nge-anabolic steroids.
I-Corticosteroids ivunyiwe yi-FDA yokunyanga i-lupus kwaye idla ngokulawulwa ngomlomo. Ngethuba lexesha lokugula okukhulu, zinokuthi zilawulwe ngaphakathi. Kodwa xa uzinzile, ulawulo lomlomo kufuneka luqaliswe kwakhona. Ngenxa yokuba ziziyobisi ezinamandla, ugqirha wakho uya kufuna i-dose ephantsi kakhulu inzuzo.
Izigulane zaseLupus ezineempawu ezingaphuculanga okanye ezingalindelekanga ukuphendula kwi-NSAID okanye i-antimalarials zinganikwa i-corticosteroid. Nangona i-corticosteroids ineempembelelo ezibi kakhulu, ziphumelela kakhulu ekunciphiseni ukuthukuthela, ukukhulula iintlungu kunye nokuxhala kunye nokukhutshwa komzimba. Ziluncedo ekulawuleni ukubandakanyeka komzimba omkhulu ochaphazelekayo kunye ne-lupus.
Emva kokuba iimpawu zakho ziphendule unyango, idosi idla ngokugqithiselwa kude kube nomlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu olawula umsebenzi wesifo ofezekileyo. Kufuneka uhlolwe ngenyameko ngeli xesha malunga neentaba okanye ukuphindaphinda iintlungu ezihlangeneyo kunye neentlungu, umkhuhlane kunye nokukhathala okungabangela ukuba i-dosage iyancitshiswa.
Ezinye izigulana zingadinga i-corticosteroids kuphela ngexesha lokusebenza kwesifo; abo banesifo esinzima okanye ukubandakanyeka komzimba onzulu kunokuba badinga unyango lwexesha elide. Ngamanye amaxesha oogqirha banika kakhulu i-corticosteroid nge-vein ngexesha elifutshane (iintsuku), elibizwa ngokuba yi-bolus therapy okanye unyango lwe-pulse.
Emva kokunyanga kwamayeza e-corticosteroid, iziyobisi kufuneka zingavumi ngokukhawuleza. Ulawulo lwe-corticosteroids lubangele ukuveliswa komzimba wakho wama hormonal adrenal ukuyeka okanye ukuyeka, kwaye ukungakwazi ukunyamezela okanye ukusabalalisa i-adrenal (imeko enokuthi isongela ubomi) inokubangela ukuba isigxina simiswe ngokukhawuleza. Ukubetha idosi kuvumela ukuba izilwanyana ze-adrenal zomzimba zibuye zibuye ziphinde ziqalise ukuveliswa kwamahomoni endalo. Ukuba sele uhlala kwi-corticosteroids, kunzima kakhulu ukunciphisa umthamo okanye ukuyeka ukusebenzisa kwabo.
I-Corticosteroids esetyenziswa ukuphatha i-lupus iquka:
- I-Prednisone (i-Sterapred) -yasetyenziswa rhoqo ukuphatha i-lupus; kubona ngaphezulu ngaphantsi
- Hydrocortisone (Cortef, Hydrocortone)
- I-Methylprednisolone (Medrol)
- Dexamethasone (iDadadron)
I-Corticosteroids ikhona njengoko:
- Iiprojethi okanye i-ointment (i-skin rashes)
- Iipilisi zomlomo
- Izisombululo zamanzi
- I-steroid shots (iigciwane okanye i-injection injection)
Iziphumo ezifutshane zexeshana ze-corticosteroids zingaquka:
- Uxinzelelo oluninzi emehlweni (glaucoma)
- Ukuvuvukala
- Igazi elonyukayo
- Ukwandisa ukutya
- Ukutyeba kwakho
Iziphumo ezide zexesha elide ze-corticosteroids zingaquka:
- Cataract
- Ishukela ephezulu yegazi (isifo sikashukela)
- Izifo
- Amathambo aphantsi okanye awonakele (i-osteoporosis kunye ne-osteonecrosis)
- Ixesha elide lokulimala amanxeba
- Ikhumba elincinci elulula ukulimaza
- Gweba amanqaku
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-dose ephakamileyo kunye nexesha elide eliyithathiweyo, umngcipheko omkhulu kunye nefuthe lemiphumo emibi . Ukuba usebenzisa ii-corticosteroids, kufuneka uxoxe nodokotela wakho malunga nokuthatha i- calcium eyongezelelweyo kunye ne-vitamin D okanye amayeza ukuze unciphise umngcipheko we-osteoporosis.
Oku ngakumbi kwi-Prednisone
I-Prednisone yi-corticosteroid eqhelekileyo ukuba oogqirha bayichaza, bodwa okanye ngokubambisana namanye amayeza, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa njengeyeza elifutshane. Kusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo ekuphatheni i-lupus kunye neempawu eziqhelekileyo zidla ngokukhawuleza. Abo baneempawu ezincinci ze-lupus ezinomsebenzi abanakho ukufuna izilwanyana.
Xhumana nogqirha wakho ukuba uhlakulele nayiphi na impawu elandelayo engabikhoyo okanye enzima xa ethatha i-prednisone:
- Intloko
- Utywala
- Ubunzima bokulala okanye ukulala
- Inwaba engafanelekanga
- Utshintsho olunzulu kwimeko
- Utshintsho lobuntu
- Amehlo enyukayo
- Acne
- Ikhumba elincinci
- Iibhentshi ezibomvu okanye ezibomvu okanye imigca phantsi kwesikhumba
- Ukunciphisa ukuphulukiswa kwezicucu kunye nemivimbo
- Ukwanda kweenwele ezinwele
- Utshintsho kwindlela inqatha isasazeka ngayo emzimbeni
- Ukukhathala okukhulu
- Izihlunu ezibuthathaka
- Izihlandlo ezingekho phantsi okanye ezingekho
- Ukunciphisa umnqweno wesini
- Ukuguquka
- Ukwandisa ukujuluka
Xhagamshelana nogqirha wakho ngokukhawuleza ukuba unayo nayiphi na impawu ezilandelayo ngenkathi uthatha i-prednisone:
- Ingxaki zo mbono
- Ubunzima bejhe, ubomvu, okanye ukubetha
- Umqala, umkhuhlane, ukubola, ukukhwehlela, okanye ezinye iimpawu zentsholongwane
- Ukuxhamla
- Ukuxinezeleka
- Ukulahlekelwa koqhagamshelwano kunye nenyaniso
- Ukudideka
- Ukugqithisa okanye ukuqina
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezandla ongenakukwazi ukulawula
- Ubungqina, ukutsha okanye ukubetha ebusweni, iingalo, imilenze, iinyawo, okanye izandla
- Isisu esimoshakele
- Ukuvutha
- Lightheadedness
- Intliziyo engavumelekanga
- Ukufumana ubunzima obunokukhawuleza
- Ukukhupha okanye intlungu esiswini
- Ukuphefumula okunzima
- Rash
- Iimbuzi
- Ukutshiza
I-Immunosuppressives / i-DMARD (izifo-Ukuguqula izidakamizwa ezichasene ne-Rheumatic)
I-Immunosuppressives kunye nezinye izidakamizwa ezichasene nezifo (anti-rheumatic drugs) (i-DMARD) zisetyenziselwa "ngaphandle kwelebula" (intsingiselo yokungagunyaziswanga yi-FDA yokunyanga i-lupus) kwiimeko ezinzulu zeenkqubo ze-lupus apho iziko ezinzulu ezifana nezintso ezichaphazelekayo okanye apho kukho ukuvuvukala kwesisu okanye isifo samathambo esingenakunqandwa. I-Immunosuppressives ingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa okanye ngamanye amaxesha ukuphelisa imfuno ye-corticosteroids, ngaloo ndlela kukukukhusela kwimiphumo engathandekiyo ye-corticosteroid yexesha elide. I-immunosuppressives ikhusela isistim somzimba sakho esipheleleyo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.
Ii-Immunosuppressives kunye nee-DMARD zingaba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zecala zixhomekeke kwidaysi oyithathayo kwaye ngokubanzi iguqulwa ngokunciphisa umthamo okanye ukumisa amayeza phantsi kwengcebiso yonyango. Ezi ziyobisi zinganikwa ngomlomo okanye ngokufakelwa (ukutywala izilwanyana kwi-vein yakho nge-tube encinci).
Kukho iingozi ezinzulu ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwama-immunosuppressives kunye nee-DMARD. Ezi ziquka:
- Ukunyuswa kwamagciwane
- Ukwanda kwamathuba okusuleleka kwintsholongwane
- Ukunciphisa umongo we-Bone
- Uphuhliso lwezonyango
Izidakamizwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye izidakamizwa ezichasene nezifo ezikhoyo zifumaneka ukuphatha i-lupus. Zonke ezi zinto zisebenza kwiqela leziyobisi ezisetyenziswe njengendlela yesibini yokukhusela i-lupus kunye nezinye iirmritis. Nangona zinendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza, uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza ukunciphisa okanye ukuthintela impendulo yomzimba.
Ii-Immunosuppressives kunye nee-DMARD ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-lupus ziquka:
- Cyclophosphamide (iCytoxan)
- I-Mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept): Eli gama lisoloko lisetyenziselwa i-lupus nephritis okanye i-lupus erythematosus yinkqubo engapheliyo yonyango, uhlobo oluphambili lwe-lupus, kwaye lunceda ukunciphisa umlinganiselo we-steroids ongayimfuneko.
- I-Azathioprine (Imuran, i-Azasan): I-Azathioprin isebenza ngokuvimbela ukuphindaphinda kwesigidi kunye nokusebenza kwamaseli eT. Ngokusekelwe kwi-murine (mouse kunye ne-rat) kunye nezifundo zabantu, i-azathioprine ithathwa njengobuthakathaka obuthathaka. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso elincinci kunezinye i-immunosuppressive agents kwaye ingasetyenziswa endaweni ye-steroids. Ngokukodwa, i-azathioprin isebenza kakuhle emva kokuqalisa unyango nge cyclophosphamide okanye i-mycophenolate.
- Methotrexate (iRheumatrex)
Imiphumo emibi yale miyeza ingabandakanya:
- I sizathu
- Ukuvutha
- Ukulahleka kweenwele
- Iingxaki zesisu
- Ukunciphisa ukuzala
- Ukwanda kwengozi yomhlaza kunye nosuleleko
Umngcipheko weempembelelo zecandelo ukwanda kunye nobude bonyango. Njengayezinye unyango lwe-lupus, kukho umngcipheko wokubuyela emva kokuba i-immunosuppressives iye yavalwa.
Biologics
I-Benlysta (belimumab) yinye isicatshulwa esivumelekileyo se-FDA ekwenzeni unyango olusebenzayo, i-autoantibody-positive lupus kwizigulane ezifumana unyango oluqhelekileyo kubandakanya i-corticosteroids, i-antimalarials, i-immunosuppressives, kunye ne-NSAID (izidakamizwa ezichasene nezidakamizwa). I-Benlysta ilawulwa njenge-infusion engena-intravenous kwaye isilwanyana sokuqala sijolise kwi-B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein, emele iyancipha inani leel cell ezingavamile-ingxaki kwi-lupus.
Izinketho zezinye iLupus Types
Ukuba uye wafumanisa ukuba ufumene i-lupus okanye i-lupus i-lupus erythematosus (SLE), iiplats zakho kufuneka ziqale unyango lwe-topically nge-creticosteroid creams okanye i-ointments. Ezi zigrisi zingasetyenziselwa izilonda ebusuku ngaphambi kokuba ulale; Ulusu olukhuselweyo lufanele lufakwe kwifilimu yeplastiki okanye kwi-tape yeCordran. Ukuba iiplati zishiywe ngaphandle kweso sikhokhelo, ioli kunye neelisi ze-corticosteroid kufuneka zisetyenziswe kabini ngosuku.
Enye indlela yokwenza iiplates ezibangelwa yi-subacute kunye ne-discoid i-lupus i-cutus i-lupus i-cutic i-inhibitors njenge-topical calcineurin njenge-pimecrolimus ukhilimu okanye i-tacrolimus-ointment. Ukuba izilonda zakho aziphenduli kwii-corticosteroids okanye i-calcineurin inhibitors, ugqirha wakho unokuzama ukujoca i-corticosteroid kwizilonda zakho zesikhumba.
Ukuba akukho nanye kula machiza asebenzayo, ugqirha wakho uya kuzama ukunyangwa kwenkqubo. Iyeza lokuqala lonyango liquka i-heartlarials ezifana ne-hydroxychloroquine sulfate, i-chloroquine, okanye i-quinacrine. Ezi ziyasebenza kubantu abaninzi.
Ukuba i-antimalarials ingenzi iqhinga, ugqirha wakho unokuzama enye yalezi zonyango:
- I-immunosuppressive, njenge methotrexate okanye i-mycophenolate mofetil (i-MMF)
- I-retinoid ye-systemic, njenge-isotretinoin okanye i-acitretin
- Dapsone, i-sulfonamide
- I-Thalidomide, i-ejenti ye-immunomodulatory
Esinye isiphumo esingahle siphumo sezilonda ze-malaria yi-psoriasis, enye enye uhlobo lwesifo sobisi esineempawu ezifanayo ukuhlukumeza kunye nokufumanisa i-lupus. I-Isotretinoin kunye ne-thalidomide zombini i-teratogens, oku kuthetha ukuba ezi ziyobisi zingonakalisa umntwana, ngoko musa ukuthatha oku ukuba ukhulelwe okanye ucinga ngokukhulelwa.
Ngonyango olungeNyango
Ngenxa yobume kunye neendleko zezilwanyana ezisetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-lupus kunye neziphumo ezinobungozi obukhulu, izigulane ezininzi zifuna ezinye iindlela okanye iindlela ezongezelelweyo zokuphatha esi sifo. Ezinye iindlela eziquka iindlela:
- Izidlo ezikhethekileyo
- Iimveliso zengqolowa
- Zokuncedisa ioli yeentlanzi
- Ukhathalelo lweChiropractic
- I-Homeopathy
- Ukwenza i-Acupuncture
- Tai Chi
- Ukunyanga kwamayeza
- Biofeedback
- Ukucamngca
Nangona ezi ndlela zingenakonakalisa kwaye ziza kunceda ngezinye iimpawu zakho xa zidibene nesicwangciso sakho sonyango rhoqo, akukho uphando oluya kumhla lubonisa ukuba zichaphazela inkqubo yesifo okanye ithintela umonakalo wequmrhu. Enyanisweni, isongezelelo semfuyo sinokuba yingozi, enokwenza ukuba iimpawu ze-lupus zibe zibi nakwi / okanye ziphazamise imishanguzo yakho yemithi.
Njalo uqhagamshelane nogqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuba uqale nayiphi na inyango eyongezelelweyo okanye yonyango, kwaye qi ni sekisa ukuba uqhubeka uthabatha amayeza enqunyelwe.
> Imithombo:
> Clarke J. Ulawulo Lokuqala lwe-Discoid Lupus kunye ne-Subacute I-Lupus edibeneyo. Isemgangathweno. Ukuhlaziywa ngoMeyi 16, 2017.
> Clarke J. Ulawulo lwe-Refractory Discoid Lupus kunye ne-Subacute Cutaneous Lupus. Isemgangathweno. Ukuhlaziywa ngoJanuwari 11, 2017.
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