Amathe amacandelo amayeza aphethe iimfihlo eziyimfihlo
Nangona abanye besenokuthi, i-FDA ayizange 'ivume' iicandelo njengonyango. Kunoko, ngo-2004, i-feds yaxelela inkampani yaseFransi ukuba ayifuni imvume ye-FDA ukuthengisa iinqwelo zonyango njengesixhobo sonyango e-United States. Ngokutsho kwe-FDA , iinqweno zifana nezixhobo (mhlawumbi iinqweno) zithengiswa phambi koMeyi 28, 1976-umhla owenziwe ngawo iziLungiso zeDivayisi yezoLimo .
Ngaloo ndlela, akukho mvume yolawulo lweemfuno ezifunekayo.
Unokuthi ingongoma endiyenzayo kukuba "imvume" okanye "akukho mvume" yathengiswa kwaye isetyenziselwa unyango lwaseMelika. Ngokuqinisekileyo, i-FDA ayiyi kwenza nantoni na ukuyeka iinkampani ekuthengiseni izilonda; nangona kunjalo, i-FDA ayenzi isigwebo malunga nokukhuseleko okanye ukuphumelela kwabo-ukuhlukana okuthe ngqo. Ukongezelela, iifestile azibophezelekanga ukuba zihlaziye ngokugqithiseleyo izilwanyana njengezonyango kwaye ziyiqonde ngokwenene inzululwazi yonyango.
Nangona izilwanyana zisetyenzisiwe njengegazi-ukuyeka unyango ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, asazi nto malunga nalezi zidalwa ezingapheliyo. Ngokona nxalenye ininzi, uphando lukhawulelwe kwinani elincinci leephando kunye neenkalo zecala ngaphandle kokunciphisa ubuncinci bezilingo zokulawula. Nangona kunjalo, into esiyaziyo malunga namaqhinga enkcenkceshe enkulu yokwelapha: I-leech saliva i-treasure trove ye-vasodilatory kunye ne-anticoagulant (i-blood-thinning).
Amaqhina aMagqirha kunye neCafe Spit yabo
Iinqwenqa ziyi-blood-sucking (sanguivorous) iimbungu. Njengemifuno yomhlaba, imizimba yabo ihlangene, kwaye aba bantu abancinci banako ukunweba, isivumelwano kunye neendlela ezingenakubalwa. I-Hiruda i-medicinalis yintlobo ye-leech esetyenziswa kakhulu njengonyango lweyeza. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintlobo zeeeches zisetyenzisiweyo, nazo, kuquka i- Hirudinaria granulosa eIndiya kunye ne-American leech medic , i- Macrobdella decora .
I-leech ingumngcipheko wangaphandle ongakwazi ukunamana ubuninzi begazi amaninzi amaxesha obunzima bomzimba ukusuka kumphathi walo. Emva kokuba ixutywe kunye nemfihlo yokugcina igazi egcina igazi lingagcini, iinqweba zigcina eli gazi kwi-diverticula ehamba phambili. Ngaloo ndlela, igazi elivela kwisondlo esisodwa lunokuthi lusebenze njengesondlo sezondlo kwiinyanga eziliqela.
Ukuyeka igazi okanye u- Hirudo unyango lwaqala ukubhalwa kwiYiputa yamandulo kwaye yaqhubeka eNtshonalanga kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwee-1800 xa lo mkhuba wawungenalo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba, nangona engekho eWest, ukusetyenziswa kwe-leech phlebotomy kwaqhubeka kungabonakali kwixabiso lamaxabiso okanye amaSilamsi.
Kwiminyaka emininzi, i-leech isetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokunceda nge-microsurgery kunye noplastiki kunye nokuhlinzwa ngokutsha. Ngaphezu koko, izazinzulu zisanda kuqalisa ukuqonda ama-molecule ezenza i-leech saliva kunye nezicelo zabo ezinokwenzeka. Nazi ezinye zezinto ezininzi ezimangalisayo zemileksi ezitholakalayo kwi-leech spit:
- Hirudin . Ngowe-1950, isazi senzululwazi waseJamani ogama linguFritz Marquardt lahlukanisa i-molecule eyayiqamba ngokuthi i-hirudin kwi-secrets of Hiruda medicinalis . Kuye kwavela ukuba i-hirudin ininzi yeempawu ze-anticoagulant njengegazi elincinci i-heparin ngaphandle kweempembelelo ezibi kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, i-hirudin ibophezela ekuthintela ukuxhamla okuphezulu kwaye ingaphenduli kakuhle izigulane kwisigulane nge-thrombocytopenia eyenziwa yi-heparin. Ukongezelela, i-hirudin ingasetyenziselwa abantu abanomdla kwi-heparin okanye kulabo ababonisa ukungabikho kwe-antithrombin III. Okwangoku, abaphandi baye bavelisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa i-bacteria, i-yeasts, ne-eukaryotes ngethemba lokuvuna i-hirudin eyaneleyo yokusetyenziswa kwezobisi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-hirudin kuninzi kwaye kubandakanya nayiphi na isifo nge-thrombotic (i-clot-forming) phantsi kwe- stroke , ukuhlaselwa kwintliziyo , kunye ne-thrombosis enzulu .
- Hyaluronidase . I-enzyme hyaluronidase ihlobo lwe-tenderizer edibanisayo (yenza izinto ezinobungakanani) izicubu ezinxulumene nabantu zenza ukuba i-leech ilandele igazi. Kwakhona kunceda ukuququzelela i-analgesia kunye neentlungu zoxolo. Le enzyme okwangoku ihlolwe ukuba isebenzise ekhemotherapy kunye nokuphuhliswa kwamachiza afakwe ngesikhumba.
- UCalin . UCalin yi-molecule egcina iiplatelets kunye ne-von Willebrand factor, abalamli ababalulekileyo bokuqhawula, ukusuka ekubophelelweni kwi-collagen. I-Collagen iyomeleza kwaye iphucula isikhumba sethu. Ngaloo ndlela, i-calin igcina igazi eligeleza ngokuqhaqhazela ukuvimba.
- I-Destabilase . I-enzyme de destabilize inezo zibini zentlungu okanye i-clot-dissolving and antibacterial. Uphando lucebisa ukuba inokuthi iqhube iifom ye-streptokinase okanye i-activminogen ye-tissue activator esebenzayo xa ihlaselwa yintliziyo okanye i-stroke ngokulandelanayo.
- Eglin . Le protein encinci i-thrombin inhibitor. Ngolunye usuku luza kuncedisa unyango ukuvutha kokutshatyalaliswa kunye ne- emphysema .
Ukusetyenziswa Kwemihla ngemihla Yonyango
Ikakhulukazi eYurophu, ukusetyenziswa kweenqatha njengonyango lwezokwelapha kuya kwanda kakhulu. Okwangoku, iinqwelo kunye namagunya azo anticoagulant zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezi-3 eziphambili.
- Iinqununu zisetyenziselwa ukuhlenga i-flaps ezenziwe ngamagqabi atyhidiweyo asetyenziswa kwiplastiki, maxillofacial kunye nezinye iindlela zokuhlinzwa. I-leech nganye isetyenziselwa ukucoca i-flap ene-5 ml yegazi. Unyango olunjalo lugcinwa deze umgca wegulane unesigxina segazi.
- Amaqhekeza ancedisa ngokudluliselwa kwamathambo ezincinci apho izicubu ezisuka kwenye inxalenye yomzimba wakho zidluliselwa kwenye inxalenye yomzimba wakho.
- Iinqununu zinceda ukugcina izitho zomzimba ezihlanjululwayo kwi-amputation ngokukhulula i-engorgement ye-vascular okanye i-venous. Iimpawu zomzimba ezinjalo ziquka iminwe, ingcambu yeempumlo, iingxowa, indlebe, imilomo, kunye ne-penis (leyo ngokuqinisekileyo eyenzela umfanekiso oqaqambileyo).
Njengoko kubhalwe kwiphepha le-2012 elipapashwe kwi- Wiley Periodicals , abaphandi bahlanganisa idatha ukusuka kwiingxelo ezingama-277 kunye nochungechunge lwamaxesha okuqala ukusuka ngo-1966 ukuya ku-2009 kwaye zithengwa kwi-PubMed nakwezinye iinkcukacha. Kuzo izigulane ezingama-229, ama-50 okanye ama-21.8 ekhulwini anengxaki. Phantse ezibini kwisithathu kwezi nkathazo zazisasazeka. Abanye abantu abafumana unyango lwe-leech bafuna ukunyelwa igazi.
Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zophando lwabo, abalobi be-Wiley bacebise ukuba zonke izigulane ezithobela unyango lwe-leech zibhalwe kwaye zihlolwe ukunyelwa igazi. Ukongezelela, izigulane ezinjalo kufuneka ziqaliswe kwiiprobiytic prophylactic ezifana ne-quinolones. Ezinye iimithombo zibonisa ukuba i-cephalosporin yesithathu ifana ne-ciprofloxacin inokusebenza kakuhle kwiibhaktheriya ezahlukileyo kwi-leech.
Ngaphandle kokungathandabuzeki, ukuba nezilwanyana zisebenza kwiirejista zomzimba wakho eziphezulu kakhulu kwizinga "icky". Khumbula ukuba kukhetha ukuba uvumele unonophelo lwezempilo ukuba usebenzise izilwanyana ikakhulukazi ekubeni ezinye iindlela zonyango zikhoyo.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona uphando olungqongqo - oluzayo (ixesha elide) kunye novavanyo olungenangqondo-kufuneka luyenziwe, into esiyaziyo malunga neengcambu zikhuthaza kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, i-molecular isolated from leech saliva inokubamba iqhosha lokuphucula i-anticoagulant, i-antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, kunye ne-analgesic therapy.
Ndiyabulela ngokukhethekileyo uNksz Gina Wadas, intatheli yesayensi yolutsha, kunye nomfundi kwisayensi kunye neteknoloji kwiprogram yokugqiba i-journalism kwi-Texas A & M yeYunivesithi, ukubonisa esi sihloko. Siyabonga, Gina!
> Imithombo ekhethiweyo
> Divi V et al. Isahluko 78, i-Microvascular Reconstruction. Ku: Lalwani AK. eds. Ukuxilongwa kwangoku kunye noTyango kwi-Otolaryngology - iNtloko kunye nokuPhepha kweNeck, 3e . ENew York, eNew York: e-McGraw-Hill; 2012. Ukufikelela kwi-12/29/2014.
> Inqaku elichazwe ngokuthi "Ukusebenza kweeNtsholongwane zonyango kwi-Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Uhlolo lokuHlola lweeNkcazo ezingama-277 ezichazwe kwi-Clinical Cases" yi-IS Whitaker et al epapashwe kwiWiley Periodicals, Inc. ngo-2012. Kufumaneka kwi-PubMed ngo-12/28/2014.
> Inqaku elibhaliweyo elithi "Inkcazo yoBugcisa bokuBaluleka kweMithi yokuHlaba kweeSanguivorous" ngokubhekiselele kwi-SM Abbas More et al epapashwe kwi- Alternative Medicine Review ngo-2011.