Izitho ezinkulu njengeentliziyo kunye nezibeleko ziyahluka kakhulu
Isisindo somzimba sisifundo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Kukho izinto ezininzi-kubandakanywa ubunzima bomzimba, ukuphakama, ubunzima bomzimba kunye nobuhlanga-obangela izilwanyana zomzimba zihluka ngokubanzi. Ukufumana ulwahlulo oluchanekileyo lwezixhobo zesisindo, kufuneka kudityaniswe idatha eninzi. Ngaphezu koko, le datha kufuneka ivela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabantu. Okwangoku, loo datha ayilondolozwa rhoqo.
Izisindo zomzimba ezisetyenziselwa ukufunwa kufuneka zivela kwii-autopsies ze-forensic, eziqhelekileyo zenziwa kwiimeko zokurhaxela, ngokukhawuleza, okanye ekufeni okubi apho amalungu omntu ofileyo ephilile. Izigulane ezigulayo zivavanywa ngexesha lokuzibhedlele kwezibhedlele, nangona kunjalo, akufanele zisetyenziselwe ukucacisa ixabiso lokubaluleka kuba isifo sinokuchaphazela ngokwenene ubunzima besigqeba. Ukongezelela, inani leemoto eziqhubekileyo zenziwa ngokunciphisa, ukunika abaphandi amathuba okufikelela kunye nokuvavanya izilingo zesigqeba.
Nangona kungabonwa kakuhle kwaye kuphandwa ngokunyanisekileyo, ubunzima bomzimba kunye nobukhulu basasetyenziswe ngabaqeqeshi bezempilo ukuze banqume imbangela yokufa kunye nezifo kunye nokukhokela unyango oluthile.
Amanani
Ngomnyaka we-2001, umphandi waseFransi u-Grandmaison kunye nababhali be-co-oshicilele iphepha kwi- Forensic Science International ukuhlalutya izisindo zomzimba ezivela kuma-684 autopsies ezenziwa abamhlophe phakathi kuka-1987 no-1991.
Amandla okufundela kunye nokubambisana nezinye izifundo zesisindo somzimba, kunye nokungabikho kophando malunga nesihloko ngokupheleleyo, kwenza ukuba kubekho umthombo onjengoko nawuphi na ukubala izilinganiso zombutho.
Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zolu pho nonongo, ezi zilandelayo zizithintelo zesigqeba kunye nesigaba samadoda nabasetyhini:
Umzimba | Umlinganiselo wesisindo kuMadoda (amagremu) | Ubume kwiMadoda (amagremu) | Umlinganiselo wesisindo kwabasetyhini (amagremu) | Udidi lwabesetyhini (amagremu) |
Intliziyo | 365 | 90-630 | 312 | 174-590 |
Ibindi | 1677 | 670-2900 | 1475 | 508-3081 |
Pancreas | 144 | 65-243 | 122 | 60-250 |
Ilungelo lomphunga | 663 | 200-1593 | 546 | 173-1700 |
Umphunga wekhohlo | 583 | 206-1718 | 467 | 178-1350 |
Izintso ezilungileyo | 162 | 53-320 | 135 | 45-360 |
Izintso ezikhohlo | 160 | 50-410 | 136 | 40-300 |
Ipere | 156 | 30-580 | 140 | 33-481 |
Thyroid | 25 | 12-87 | 20 | 5-68 |
Kwinqanaba elithile, ezi zixabiso azilahlekanga kwaye azikwazi ukuzisebenzisa ngokuzenzekelayo kubo bonke abantu kubemi. Okokuqala, iziko ezihlolwe kulolu cwaningo zivela kuphela kumhlophe kwaye uphando lubonisa ukuba izisindo zesigxina ziyahluka ngohlanga. Ngokukodwa, uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abamnyama banamalungu athile kunzima. Okwesibini, nangona abantu beguquka ngokukhawuleza ngexesha elide, iziphumo zolu cwaningo sele zidlulileyo.
Isisindo somzimba weAnatomic: Ubunzima kangakanani amabele?
Ngomqondo ococekileyo, "i-boobs" okanye amabele ayilona iqumrhu ngalinye, kodwa kunokuba iqokelelo leentlanzi zamathambo kunye namafutha omzimba. Nangona kunjalo, amabele ahlukeneyo ngokwamalungu omzimba kangangokuba abaninzi oogqirha abasebenza ngokugqithisiweyo kwebele babecinga "amalungu ase-anatomiki."
Kwinqaku ekhankanywe ngandlela-thile ebizwa ngokuthi "Umrhumo weBatter Volume and Weight to Distribution Fat Distribution kwabesifazane," abaphandi bacacisa ukuba (ngokusekelwe kovavanyo lwabo) amabele amabhinqa anzima malunga neepesenti ezingama-3.5 zesisindo somzimba wonke. Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani beesampula zesi sifundo luncinci kwaye iziphumo ziyixesha elithile.
Ngokwale ndlela, umntu ophethe iipounds ezingama-40 zamanqwelwana omzimba ayeza kuba namabele aqikelele ngama-1.4.
"Ubunzima besisu bunzima kakhulu," kutsho uDkt. Bradford Hsu, udokotela wezinyama obambisene ne-Sharp Healthcare eChula Vista, eCalifornia.
"Ngokuxhomekeke kwiminyaka kunye nophuhliso lomntu obandakanyekayo, zombini amabele ahlanganisane anganciphisa ama-gram ayi-100 okanye afike kwiihilogram ezine."
Ukongezelela, utshintsho lwengqondo yakhe kwimeko yamabele maxa wambi lunokuchaphazela ubunzima besisu. "Ukuba umntu unezifo ezininzi ze- fibrocystic ," kutsho uDkt. Patricia Allenby, isifo sezilwanyana e-Ohio State University, "isifuba siya kuba nzima kunokuba sinobukhulu. Inxulumene nobunzima beethambo-kwaye amanqatha aphantsi kakhulu. "
Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo se-fibrocystic, i-adenomatous, okanye i-tumorigenic shintsho kwisisindo sesisu sinxulumene.
"Ukuba unomncinci, ibhola lebhola yebhola yegolfu enesifuba esincinci," utshilo uHsu, "eso sihlamba sithatha ngaphezu kwesifuba kunokuba senzeke kumntu onesifuba esikhulu kakhulu. Ngomntu oyedwa, eso sifo singabonisa isithathu sesininzi sayo sesifuba, nangomnye umntu, ukuba i-tumor ingabonisa ngaphantsi kwepesenti enye yobunzima bayo. "
Ngaphandle kwezifo, enye into ebalulekileyo echaphazela ubuninzi besisu kukutya kunye nokuzilolonga. Xa abantu banciphisa ubunzima, bavame ukwenza okufanayo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umfazi omeyile wayeza kuhlaziya umzimba, wayeya kuhlala egcina ipear yakhe kodwa ngobunzima obuncinci. Wayeza kuba yincinci. Abasetyhini abaphela nje ukulahlekelwa ngumlinganiselo ophezulu wesisindo somzimba kwisinye sithile somzimba - njengamabele - emva kokubandakanyeka ekudleni nasekusebenzeni. Ukulahlekelwa kweoli ejolisiweyo okanye "ukunciphisa indawo" akunakwenzeka.
Ibhinqa elilahlekelwa isisindo ayiyi kuhlakala ngokubonakalayo kwisayizi yebele. Amabele akhe aya kuba afanelekile ubunzima bakhe obutsha kwaye ngokulinganayo nalo lonke umzimba wakhe ... yonke into iya kuba yincinci . Kwinqaku edibeneyo, njengale mabele, abantu balahlekelwa ubuninzi bomlinganiselo osisiseko ukusuka emathangeni ngexesha lokutya.
Ubukhulu, ubukhulu, ubunzima beMzimba, kunye ne-BMI
Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abade, balinganisa ngaphezulu (babe ne-BMI ephezulu), kwaye ubuninzi bomzimba bunzima bungaba nezitho ezinzima. Kule miba, uphando oluthile luchaza ukuba ukuphakama kulungelelanisa kunye neeninzi zesisindo; Abantu abade banamalungu anesisindo esingaphezulu kwaye aphezulu kakhulu.
Isisindo senhliziyo sinokuchaphazeleka kakhulu yi-BMI, abantu abaneentliziyo ezinzima kakhulu.
Okuthakazelisayo, isisindo somzimba we-thyroid asinakukwenza ngokuphakama, ubunzima, kunye nokuqina komzimba. Endaweni yoko, ubunzima besisu se-thyroid banokuchaphazeleka kakhulu kwi-iodine. Kwiindawo apho ininzi yabasetyhini badla iodine ngokwaneleyo kwizidlo zabo, izisindo ze-thyroid ziwela phantsi kwinqanaba elifanayo kubo bonke abafazi.
Ubudala kunye nesondo zichaphazela isisindo somzimba. Ngokomyinge, abafazi banamalungu athathaka ngaphezu kwamadoda. Ukongezelela, njengokuba ubunzima bomzimba obuqhenqileyo, izisindo zomzimba ziyancipha ngokukhula. Ukunciphisa ubudala obuhlobene nobukhulu bomzimba bubonakala ngokugqithiseleyo kwingqondo yobuchopho. Ngamanye amazwi, ingqondo yomntu iya kuba yincinci njengoko ikhula, yinto yendalo. Kwinqaku edibeneyo, ubunzima bobuchopho abuhlangani nongqondo; Ukuba nobuchopho obunzima abuyenzi umntu ontle.
Iziphumo ezivela kwisifundo se-1994 esashicilelwe kwi- Der Pathologe - kwaye sisekelwe kwii-autopsies ezingaphezu kwe-8000-zibonisa ukuba ubunzima bobuchopho bomzimba kubantu abangenazo izifo zobuchopho buyi-1336 amagremu kwaye ubunzima bobuchopho obuphakathi kwabasetyhini abangenazo izifo zengqondo ngama-1198 amagremu. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba, ngokuqhelekileyo, ubunzima bomzimba besilisa buncipha ngo-2.7 amagremu ngonyaka kwaye ubunzima bomzimba besifazane bunciphisa malunga no-2.2 amagremu ngonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, ingqondo yakho ikhanya ngakumbi ngexesha.
Iparameter enye yenyama enesiphumo esingacacanga kwisisindo somzimba sinokukhuluphala. Ubutyebi buyingqungquthela e-United States kwaye ukunyuka kwamazinga kunciphisa ukuthembeka kwamanqaku okubaluleka kwamalungu. Imithombo ethile yokukhubazeka ichaza ubunzima bomzimba njengepesenti yesisindo somzimba - ichaza ubudlelwane ngqo kunye nobudlelwane.
UDkt. Patricia Allenby, ugqirha wezilwanyana, kunye nomlawuli weenkonzo ze-autopsy kwi-Ohio State University ubonisa ukungafani kwezi zibalo. "Amalungu akho akhuliseli ubunzima ngokukhululeka komzimba wakho. Ukuba ubunzima bomzimba bomntu buphindwe kabini, ilungu alinakuphindwa kabini kwisisindo. "
Impembelelo yezifo
Mhlawumbi akumele kumangaliswe ukuba iziphumo zesifo okanye ukukhubazeka kwisisindo somzimba ziyahluka kwaye ziyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye izifo zibangela ukuba izitho zilinganise izifo ezininzi kunye nezifo ezithile zenza izilo zilinganise.
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kokusetyenziswa kotywala kuhambelana nobukhulu bentliziyo (i-cardiomegaly) kunye nobukhulu obukhulu besibindi (i-hepatomegaly). Kodwa ekugqibeleni, ubunzima besibindi kubantu abaxhomekeke kotywala kunokunciphisa ngokuphuhliswa kwe- cirrhosis. Nge-cirrhosis, izicubu ezinobungozi ezinobungozi zithatha indawo yesikhumba esinqabileyo.
Kwiphepha le-2016 elipapashwe kwiDiabetologia , iCampbell-Thompson kunye nababhali-mbonisi babonisa ukuba abantu abane- diabetes type 1 bafumana ukunciphisa okukhulu kwi-pancreatic weight ebonakalayo ekuqalekeni kwezifo. Abantu abanesifo sikashukela se-2, nangona kunjalo, abafumana ukuhla kwe-pancreas weight.
Ngamanye amazwi, iziphumo ezivela kulolu cwaningo zibonisa ukuba i-pancreases kubantu abanesifo sikashukela se-type "iyancipha," kwaye le ngqungquthela iyakubonwa xa umntu eqala ukufumanisa i-type 1 yesifo sikashukela (ngokuqhelekileyo ebuntwaneni okanye ebusheni).
Ngokuphathelele ingqondo, i-atrophy ye-cerebral - yabonwa kwiimeko ezinjenge-stroke kunye nokugula komzimba-iziphumo ekunciphiseni ubuchopho bomzimba.
Isiphelo
Kukho into eninzi yokufunda malunga nezixhobo zesisindo. Utyalo-mali kulolu uphando kubalulekile kuba ubukhulu kunye nobukhulu bezitho zizinto ezisetyenziswe ngexesha lokuzithengisa i-autopsy ukufumana imeko yempilo kunye nesibalo sokufa. Okwangoku, izithethe zokubaluleka ezisetyenziselwa izixhobo zesigxina azixhomekeke kubungqina obukholisayo kwaye azinjalo.
"Izisindo ze-Organ zisinceda ukuba sinqume ukuba kukho ukungaqhelekanga," utsho uAllenby, "kwaye ezininzi izifo zihambelana nokutshintsha ubukhulu - ikakhulukazi entliziyweni. Isisindo somzimba sisinceda siqinisekise okanye sidibanise izifo ezikhoyo ... Unceda ukuxilongwa. "
Ukujonga phambili, iindlela ezingafaniyo zokucinga, ezifana ne-MRI kunye ne-CT, zinokuba luncedo ekunqumeni isisindo sempahla ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwakheka kwe-autopsy. Kwinqaku epapashwe kwi- Radiology yophicotho , uJackowski kunye nabalobi bezobambisene bafumene ukuba ubunzima besibindi kunye nesantya banokuqikelelwa ngokusebenzisa idatha ye-imaging kunye ne-software-analysis software.
Enyanisweni, abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba ukucinga okunjalo kunokuba kuchanileyo kunokuba i-autopsy ekuqaliseni isisindo kunye nesisindo samathambo kwimeko yokudibanisa (ukutshatyalaliswa) kuba akukho tshintsho kwi-intrahepatic blood volume eyenzeka ngexesha lokucinga. Baye baqikelele ngesithembiso esithile ekusebenziseni i-CT ukucacisa izixhobo ze-organ - CT ayabizi kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa ngaphezu kwe-MRI, kunye nokufakelwa kwegesi kunye nomda we-IRM. Umoya oqulathekileyo ubhekisela emoyeni obanjwe kwimithambo yegazi ye-circulatory system.
> Imithombo:
> Campbell-Thompson ML et al. Impembelelo yohlobo lwesifo sikashukela se-Pancreatic Weight. Diabetologia. 2016; 59: 217-221.
> Grandmaison GL, Clairand I, kunye noDurigon M. Organ Isisindo kwi-684 I-Autopsies yabantu abadala: Iidable ezintsha ze-Caucasoid Population. INzululwazi yeZizwe ngezizwe. 2001; 119: 149-154.
> Udliwano-ndlebe noPatricia Allenby, MD, ngo-10/14/2016.
> Udliwano-ndlebe noBradford Hsu, MD, ngo-10/16/2016.
> Jackowski C et al. Ukulinganiswa koMlinganiselo weeMpahla zeMigodi nge-Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging kunye ne-Multislice Computed Tomography. I-Radiology yophando. 2006; 41: 572-578.
> Katch V et al. Igalelo soMzimba weBreast kunye noBunzima bokuSasazwa kweMzimba kwiBafazi. I-American Journal ye-Physical Anthropology. 1980; 53: 93-100.
> Wong JLC, Arango-Viana JC, kunye ne-Squires T. Intliziyo, isibindi kunye ne-Spleen Pathology kwi-Alcohol engapheliyo kunye nabasebenzisi beziyobisi. Umbhalo we-Forensic and Medicine Law. 2008; 15: 141-147.