Abantwana abaye bachaphazelekayo ngenxa yobuncwane bezobisi ngenxa yokuphuza unina ngexesha lokukhulelwa banokuphuhlisa ubuninzi beempawu zokuzalwa ezisuka kumncinci ukuya kubaluleke. Ezi ntsilelo zingabandakanya ukusilela kokukhula, ukungahambi kakuhle komzimba (ukungavumelekanga) kunye nomonakalo omkhulu womnatha wesistim.
Kukho imiqathango eyahlukeneyo kunye nokuxilongwa okuhambelana namazinga ahlukeneyo kwezi ziphoso ezizalwe ngotywala ezidibeneyo ezinokudidanisa nakwabo basebenza ngokusondeleyo nala bantwana.
Ukulandela ezinye zezimiqathango kunye neemeko zeemeko ezichazayo.
Izifo zoTywala zoTywala lwe-Fetal
Izifo zentlungu yotywala ye-Fetal (FASD) lixesha eliqhelekileyo elibhekiselele kwizinto ezininzi ezinokuthi zenzeke kumntwana onomama ophuza utywala ngexesha lokukhulelwa, kuquka nokukhubazeka ngokomzimba, kwengqondo, ukuziphatha kunye / okanye ukufunda.
I-FASD ayijoliswanga ukuba ixilongwe. I-ambulance yegama elisetyenziswe ukubandakanya inani leengxaki ezifana ne- fetal alcohol syndrome , i-partial fetal alcohol syndrome, iimeko ezinxulumene nophuzo lwe-alcohol neurodevelopmental kunye nabanye.
Syndrome yoTywala
I-Fetal alcohol syndrome (i-FAS) yi-defect syndrome yokukhubazeka ebangelwa ukusela kotywala ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ukufunyaniswa ukuba une-fetal alcohol syndrome, umntwana uza kuhlangabezana nazo zonke ezi zilandelayo:
- Ukukhula kobunzima.
- Iqoqo eliyingqamaniso yezinto ezincinane zobuso obuncinane, njengamehlo amancinci, i-philtrum epholileyo (i-groove ephezulu ngaphaya komlomo) kunye nomlomo ophezulu ophantsi.
- Umonakalo womnatha weentloko (kubandakanywa ukukhubazeka kwesakhiwo, inambuzane, kunye / okanye ukusebenza).
- Utywala otywala ngaphambi kokubeleka.
Xa umntwana enokukhubazeka kobuso bokuqala, ezinye iimpawu zihlala zikhona kwaye zibalulekile kwaye umntwana ufumaneka ukuba une-fetal alcohol syndrome. Xa ezo ziphoso zomzimba zingekho, ezinye iimpawu ziyakhona kwaye zinzulu.
Ngelo xesha isigama esinokudideka.
Isifo soTywala soTywala
Eli gama lisetyenziswe xa umntwana eninzi, kodwa akusiyo yonke into yokukhubazeka kokukhula kunye / okanye ubuso bomzimba wesifo se-fetal alcohol, kunye nomonakalo omkhulu wesantya somnyoba kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukutshatyalaliswa kokusela kotywala.
Nangona umntwana engenazo iimpawu zobuso okanye ukungaphumeleli kokukhula, ukutywala kotywala ngaphambi kokubeletha kusenokubangela ukuba umonakalo omkhulu weentlanzi unomonakalo njengokuba kubantwana abanayo zonke iimpawu zesifo se-fetal alcohol.
Utywala oluhlobene ne-Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Ngowe-1996, iZiko lezeMpilo laphuhlisa ukuxilongwa koxinzelelo lwe-alcoholisticmental disorders (ARND) kubantwana abonakalisa umonakalo womnatha ophakathi kunye nabangenayo i-alcoholical birth - ngaphandle kokungaphumeleli kokukhula okanye ubuso obuso.
Iimiphumo zoTywala lwezoThutho
Ngesinye isikhathi, eli gama lisetyenziselwa ukuxilonga abantwana ababenabo, kodwa kungekhona zonke, iimpawu zesifo se-fetal alcohol. Ukususela ngo-1995, igama elithi "i-fetal alcohol effects" alizange lithandeke ngenxa yokuba luchaza uxhamlwano lwe-causal phakathi kokusasazeka kokusela kotywala kunye neempawu zomntwana ezingenakuqinisekiswa.
Ngenxa yokuba ezininzi iimpawu ezinxulumene nokutywala kotywala ziza kubakho rhoqo kubantu abangenawo utywala obusetyatheni, oogqirha baqala ukuyeka ukuxilongwa kweengxubevange ezibonisa ukuba ukutywala utywala kubangele imiphumo, njengokuthi "ukuthwala utywala" kunye "nezidakamizwa ezinxulumene notywala. "U
I-FASD 4-Digit Diagnostic Code
Ngo-1997, i-Washington State ye-FAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network yathuthukise indlela yokufumanisa umlinganiselo opheleleyo weziphumo zabantwana abanokuxiliswa kotywala. Ngokwewebhusayithi ye-intanethi, ikhowudi ye-diagnostic ye-4-digit, "inikeza ukuxilongwa okuchanekileyo kunye nokuvelisa ngokuvelisa ngokulinganisela, umlinganiselo wokulinganisela kunye neenkcazo ezithile ezithile."
Inombolo nganye yeenombolo ezine isetyenziselwa ukubeka ubunzima beempawu zesifo se-fetal alcohol (i) ukulahleka kokukhula, (2) izixhobo zobuso be-FAS, (3) umonakalo womnatha ophakathi okanye umonakalo, kunye (4 ) ukutshatyalaliswa kokusela kotywala.
Impawu nganye zibalwa ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwe-4 kwinqanaba kunye no-1 ukuba kungabikho ngokupheleleyo kwimeko yesifo se-fetal alcohol syndrome kunye ne-4 ebonisa ubungqina obuqinileyo bokuqala.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuxilongwa kwe-4-digit ye-3444 kuya kubonisa ukuba umntwana wayenobunzima bokukhula ngokulinganayo, ubuchule obubonakalayo obubonakalayo, umonakalo ochanekileyo womonakalo womnyoba kunye nobungozi obuphezulu bokunxiliswa kotywala.
I-Static Encephalopathy (Utywala Ubonisiwe)
Eli thuba laphuhliswa ngo-2002 kwaye lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kubantwana abanesimo esingaqhelekanga kwimisebenzi ye-nervous system, kodwa ukungaqhelekanga kuyigxininiso-ayiyikuqhubela phambili okanye ingadli.
I-Neurobehavior Disorder (Utywala obonakalisiweyo)
Ingxaki ye-neurobe behavioral (utywala obonakalisiweyo) kukuxilongwa kwabantwana abanomonakalo obunomdla obukhulu osebenzayo, kodwa akukho bungqina bobunzima bobunzima.
Inqaku eliphantsi kwi-FAS
Njengoko ubona kwiinkcazo ezingentla, ukutyalwa kokubeletha kokubeletha kubantwana kungabangela ulwahlulo olubanzi lwezaziso zokuzalwa, ukususela kumncinci ukuya kunzima. I-fetal alcohol syndrome yiyona nto eyaziwayo ebangela ukuphulukiswa kwengqondo kunye nokukhubazeka kokuphuhliswa kwaye ukhuselwe ngokupheleleyo.
Ukukhusela i-fetal alcohol syndrome kulula. Ukuba uceba ukukhulelwa, yeka ukusela. Ukuba ufumanisa ukuba ukhulelwe, yeka ukusela ngokukhawuleza.
> Umthombo:
> IYunivesithi yaseWashington iFAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network. "Yiyiphi i-FASD, i-FAS, i-FAS ekhethekileyo kunye ne-ARND?"
> IYunivesithi yaseWashington iFAS Diagnostic and Prevention Network. " Isikhokelo sokuxilongwa seNtsholongwane yoTywala yeMathambo: I-Code-Diagnostic Code ye-4 (PDF) ." 2004.