Kwibhola lebhola, ngaphandle kwe-throw-ins, abadlali abangaphandle kwegolide abanako ukusebenzisa izandla zabo. Nangona abadlali basebenzisa iinyawo zabo ukuhambisa ibhola baze baqhube phambili ukudlala, ukuhamba ngenye into ebalulekileyo. Iintloko zivumela umdlali ukuba adlule, acacise okanye adubule ibhola ngeentloko zawo. Nangona kunjalo, ukulimala kwentloko kuye kwaba yinkqutyana ebushushu kwizemidlalo, ngokugqithiseleyo ibhola lebhola laseMerika, kwaye le nkxalabo isasazeka kwibhola lebhola.
Uphando oluya kwibala lebhola ludityaniswe kwaye luxutywe, kunye nezinye izifundo ezingabonakali ziphumo. Ezinye izifundo, nangona kunjalo, ziye zadibanisa lo mkhuba kwiingqungquthela, izibonakaliso ze-subconcussive, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-neurocognitive.
Ukunqabela ukuhamba esikolweni esiphakamileyo kunye nangaphezulu kungenakwenzeka. Isihloko esifanelekileyo siyimpahla kumdlalo kwaye sixhomekeke kwinkcubeko yebhola. Nangona kunjalo, abo baqhuba inxaxheba kufuneka baqeqeshwe kakuhle kwaye basebenzise iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunciphisa ukulimala.
Statistics Soccer
I-Soccer yinto yemidlalo ethandwa kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ngokutsho kweFederation Internationale of Football Association (FIFA), abantu abayizigidi ezingama-265 badlala le midlalo.
EUnited States, ibhola liye lamkelwa njengenye indlela ekhuselekileyo kwimidlalo yolutsha, kwaye inani labadlali abadlala le midlalo liye labhalwa. Phakathi kowe-1969 no-1970, ibhola lidlalwa kwi-2217 izikolo eziphakamileyo (49,593 abadlali besilisa; abadlali be-0 abafazi).
Phakathi ko-2013 no-2014, ibhola lebhola likhatywayo ladlalwa kwizikolo ezili-11,718 (abadlali abangama-417,419), kunye nebhola lebhola leentombazana yadlala kwizikolo ezili-11,354 (abadlali abangama-375,564).
Phakathi kwabadlali bebhola bebhola, abadlali abaphakathi kwentloko yebhola ebhola yebhola phakathi kwama-6 no-12 ngamaxesha emdlalo ngoko ke ubuncinane ubuncinane be-2000 kwinqanaba leminyaka engama-20.
Phakathi kwalaba badlali, ama-40 ekhulwini lokulimala kubangelwa ngumqhagamshelwano-mdlali, kunye nomnxeba webhola-kuquka ne-accidental heading-accounts for 12.6 percent of injuries.
Phakathi kwabadlali abatsha bebhola, uqikelelo lubangelwa phakathi kwama-31 no-37 ekhulwini. Kwinqanaba lekholejini, i-akhawunti yeengxowankulu i-5.8 pesenti yenxeba eyenziwa ngabadlali bebhola ekhatywayo, kunye ne-8.6 ekhulwini lokulimala okuqhutywe ngabadlali besifazane.
Uphando nge Sihloko
Nangona encinci iyaziwa ngemiphumo emfutshane yesikhokelo, ngokubanzi, isihloko sinxulumene nokucwangciswa kokukhubazeka, imemori, kunye nokusebenza kwe-visuoperceptual. I-Intuitively, ezi zitshintsha zibonakala zinengqiqo kuba abadlali bekhanda kunye nenxalenye ephezulu yebunzi ebakhusela i-correx ye-prefrontal, echaphazelekayo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, ngokomoya nokuziphatha.
Iziphumo eziphandlekisayo zophando malunga nokuhamba kwinqanaba lebhola zixhomekeke kwiimviwo zabadlali abaqeqeshiweyo, abenza iintloko ezingamaxesha amaninzi kwimidlalo nakwizenzo ngexesha lokuphila.
Kwinqaku le-2017 elipapashwe kwi- Acta Neuropathologica , abadlali abadlala umhlala-phantsi base-13 (abaqeqeshi be-13 kunye nomntu oyedwa).
Aba bhola bebhola badlala iminyaka engama-26, kwaye bonke aba badlali babanobuchule bokuhamba. Abadlali abathandathu babenomdla omnye ngamnye ngexesha lemi sebenzi yabo.
Bonke aba badlali bahlakulele ingqondo ekupheleni komsebenzi. Abalishumi balaba badlali bahlala kunye nokukhubazeka kweemoto, kubandakanywa ne- parkinsonism , ukungazinzi ngokukhawuleza okanye ukungahlali kwimeko emva ngokuwa rhoqo, kunye ne-dysarthria (i- dysarthria ibhekisela kwingxaki yokuthetha). Ukongezelela, ukuguquka kwemizwelo kunye nokuziphatha kwakuqhelekileyo phakathi kwaba bantu.
Aba badlali baqala ukuphuhlisa ukukhubazeka kwengqondo engama-64 ubudala, kwaye isifo sagqiba kwiminyaka eyi-10.
Abadlali abalishumi elinesibini kwabadlali aba-16 bafa ngenxa yezifo eziphambili ze-neurodeergenerative. Akukho namnye wabadlali abavakaliswe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala okanye iingcinga zokuzibulala.
Ukugqithisa kwenzelwa kwabadlali abayisithandathu, kwaye bonke babonisa ukutshintsha kwezifo ezibonisa impembelelo engapheliyo yentloko. Ngokukodwa, ezine zibonise imigaqo efanelekileyo yokuxilonga ye-encephalopathy engapheliyo, okanye i- CTE , eye yaboniswa kwiibhokisi ezinobungcali, abadlali bebhola, abadlali be-hockey njalonjalo. (I-CTE ixilongo eyenziwa emva kokuzenzekelayo.) Ngaphezulu koko, ezinye iimeko ezimbini, nangona zingenakuhlangabezana nazo zonke iinkqubo ezifunekayo zokuxilongwa, zibonise ezinye iimpawu ezazingumzekelo we-CTE, njenge-septal engafanelekiyo, i-patau pathologies kunye nokuphuculwa kwe-ventricle yesithathu.
Kwinye inqaku le-2017 elipapashwe kwi- Neurology , abadlali abangama-222 bebhola ekhatywayo (abangama-79 ekhulwini ngamadoda) banikezwa imibuzo ebuza malunga namaxesha amaninzi kunye neziganeko kunye nobukhulu beempawu ze-nervous system (CNS), ukusuka kwi-mild to severe. Nazi ezinye zeziphumo zezifundo:
- Kubantu, umyinge wenani leentloko zexesha leeveki ezimbini lalingama-44, kwaye inani le-median lalingama-18.
- Kubafazi, umyinge wenani leentloko zeeveki ezimbini-iiveki ezingama-27, kwaye inani le-median lalingama-9.5.
- Izimpawu ezinxulumene neentloko zifumene ngama-20 ekhulwini kwabaphenduli.
- Ubuncinane okanye enye impembelelo engathandanga kwentloko yaboniswa kwi-37 pesenti yomntu kunye nama-43 ekhulwini kwabasetyhini.
- Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo kwiimpawu ze-CNS ezincinci zaxhunyaniswa nomsebenzi ohamba phambili kunye nempembelelo engathandeki kwentloko. Ezi ziphumo zazibalulekileyo kubadlali abahamba phambili kakhulu (i-quartile ephezulu).
Ngokutsho kwababhali:
"Isihloko sinxulumene nokusebenza okuphantsi kwengqondo esikolweni esiphakeme, abadlali abadala, nabadlali bebhola bebhola kunye nokulimala kwengqondo, ukuzimela ngokuzimela. Ngokucacileyo, iimpembelelo zentloko ezenza iziganeko ezingapheliyo zingabonakali ixesha elipheleleyo leengozi. "
Iziphumo zidibanisa iimpawu ze-CNS kubadlali abaye baqhuba ibhola edibeneyo kunye neenkcukacha zabaphandi kwiinkalo zangaphambili, eziye zabonisa ukuba abadlali bebhola engama-30 abahamba phambili ngaphezu kwe-1000 ngamawaka babekho emngciphekweni ophezulu wokuba umbandela omhlophe wendalo uphendule kunye nabo ukulimala kwengqondo ebuhlungu (TBI).
Ngokutsho kweCDC:
"I-TB iyabangelwa yintonga, ukuvuthela, okanye i-jolt entloko okanye inxeba engena entloko ephazamisa umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wengqondo. Akusiyo yonke imivimbo okanye i-jolts kwisiphumo esiyintloko kwi-TBI. (okokuthi, utshintsho olutshanje kwisimo sengqondo okanye ukuqonda) 'kunzima' (okt, ixesha elide lokungazi okanye ukulahleka kwememori emva kokulimala).
Kuthiwani Ngamakhanda Okukhusela?
Ngomzamo wokubaluleka ekujongeni ukwesaba, abakhiqizi abaningana baye baqulunqa amabhinqa enqwenela ukukhusela umdlali kwimiphumo emibi yokuhamba kunye nokulimala kwentloko engenzile. Ezi zibopheko zenziwe ngokuqhelekileyo ngamamitha angama-centimeter-protective foam, ejikeleza intloko kwaye ijikeleze i-loari, i-temporal, yangaphambili kunye ne-occipital lobes. Abavelisi balezi zixhobo bathi banqumla amandla okuchaphazeleka kwentloko kunye nokunciphisa iingcamango kunye nemiphumo ye-neurocognitive. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo?
Kuyafana nezifundo ezihlolisise iziphumo ezinobungozi bokuhamba, naluphi na izigqibo ezithathwe kwiingcamango zala mabhinqa.
Ngokomzekelo, kwiphando elincinci elishicilelwe kwiphepha lePhando kwiMicrosoft Medicine ngo-2015, abathathi-nxaxheba abembethe iqhosha elibonakalayo babonisa ukunciphisa imemori yesandi emva kokuzilolonga, kwaye abathathi-nxaxheba abangazange bagqoke ibhande lekhanda babonisa amaxesha athatyathwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzibandakanya kokubhaliweyo. Ngenxa yokuba ezi ziphumo zizenzekelayo, abaphandi baphetha ukuba intloko yebhola yokukhusela ibincitshiseko yokunciphisa imiphumo engabonakaliyo ye-head effects.
Isihloko soBuchule
Ngenxa yokukhathazeka okukhulayo malunga nokuhamba, ngoNovemba 2015, uMbutho weCoccer Coaches Association of America (NSCAA) ubenqabela kubadlali bebhola lebhola eli-11 ubudala (U11), kwaye banciphise umgangatho kubadlali be-U12 ne-U13 amaqela . Kubadlali be-U14 nangaphezulu, ubuchule bokubamba ngokufanelekileyo kukujoliswe kwindlela yokudlala kunye nokudlala.
Kwinqaku edibeneyo, ininzi yeenkwenkwezi zeQela leSizwe le-US Women's Women, elibandakanya uJoy Fawcett, uBrandi Chastain kunye noCindy Parlow Cone, baye bajoyina umnxeba wokunqanda ukuhamba phambi kwesikolo esiphakamileyo. Ngaphezu koko, u-Abby Wambach umqhubi webhola lebhola ngumloli omkhulu wokukhusela ukhuseleko, kwaye uceba ukunikela ngengqondo yakhe ngokucwaninga.
Ngokutsho kwe-NSCAA, isitshixo sokuthintela ukulimala sisentamo kunye nokuqiniswa komgaqo. Ulutsha oluphakathi kweminyaka eyi-U11 no-U14 kufuneka lufundiswe ukudibanisa intloko, intamo, kunye ne-torso ukwenzela ukuthintela ukulimala. Nazi izicebiso ezintlanu:
- Abadlali kufuneka basebenzise amabunzi abo ngelixa behamba. Kufuneka bahlale bevule amehlo abo kwaye umlomo uvale.
- Abadlali kufuneka balinganise ngeengalo zabo ngelixa behamba.
- Abadlali kufuneka bazibeke kwibhola yebhola ngexesha lokuhamba.
- Abadlali bafanele bahlale bebeka iintloko zabo xa befika kumgca webhola.
- Abadlali kufuneka balondoloze ukuma okubanzi kunye neenyawo zabo ngelixa behamba.
Okukwintsusa
Idatha yokuhlola iimiphumo ezinobungozi zentloko zifana nokungahambelani kunye nokungabonakali. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olwaneleyo lwenziwe ngokuxhasa imiphumo engabonakaliyo yebhola lebhola le-US eliye lavimbela umzenzeli kubadlali bebhola lebhola eli-11 kunye nabancinci ngelixa ukhawuleza umkhuba kubantwana abaneminyaka engama-12 kunye ne-13 ukuya kwii-30 imizuzu yokuqeqesha ngeveki kwaye akukho ngaphaya kwe-15 ukuya kwe-20 iintloko kumdlali ngamnye.
Intloko ekhuselekileyo eyenzelwe ukunciphisa ingozi yokuhamba kunye nokulimala kwentloko ingenakuncedo. Endaweni yoko, abadlali kufuneka bafunde kwaye basebenzise ubuchule bokubamba ngokufanelekileyo ukwenzela ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala kwengqondo.
> Imithombo:
> Comstock RD et al. Ingxoxo esekelwe kwiNgqungquthela yokuLawula iBhola kunye neNgqungquthela kwiChola eliPhakamileyo leSikolo. JAMA Pediatrics. 2015; 169 (9): 830-837.
> Elbin RJ et al. Uvavanyo oluPhambili lweNtsebenzo ye-Neurocognitive Performance and Symptoms Ukulandela i-Soccer ye-Soccer Head in Athletes egqoke ii-Soccer Balls. Uphando kwiMithi yeMidlalo , 23: 203-214, 2015.
> Ling H et al. I-pathologies edibeneyo kuquka i-akhawunti engapheliyo ye-encephalopathy ye-dementia kwiqela lebhola lebhola ekhatywayo. Acta Neuropathologica . NgoFebruwari 15, 2017.
> I-NSCAA ithatha iNkokeli kwiNtloko yoKhuseleko. Soccer Journal . NgoSeptemba-Oktobha 2016.
> Stewart WF et al. Iimpawu ezivela kwiNtshukumo yeNtloko yeNgcaciso kunye neNgenjongo engenzileyo. Neurology . 2017.