Ukuchonga nokuPhephelwa kweeNtsholongwane zoLwabiwo-mthetho kwiBantwana
Njengawaphi na amayeza enu okanye kumntwana wakho owamkelayo, iintsholongwane ezinokuthi zifike ngeempembelelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, uncedo lwale michiza lugqithise ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umngcipheko, kodwa ukuphendula okungalunganga kwenzeka. Ziziphi ezinye zeempembelelo ezichaphazelekayo zokulwa nemithi? Ziziphi ezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo kodwa ezibi kakhulu ezinokuthi zenzeke? Yaye ungayinciphisa njani ingozi xa uthatha la mayeza?
IiNtsholongwane zeNtsholongwane yabantwana
Nangona ukusebenzisa i-antibiotic selehlile kwiminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwe-20 edluleyo, kusezinye zamanye amayeza anikezelweyo kunyango.
Ukubangela ukuhla kwemiqathango ye-antibiotic kubandakanya:
- Ukongezwa kwe-Prevnar kwishedyuli yokugonywa kwabantwana, ekhokelela ngqo kwiintsholongwane zamancinci
- Ukusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo kokugonywa komkhuhlane , oku kunokukhokelela kubantwana abancinci abanezifo zentsholongwane kunye nezifo zentloko yesibini
- Ukwazisa okungakumbi ngemingcipheko yokuchasana ne-antibiotic, njenge- MRSA
- I- antibiotic engcono imisela izikhokelo , kubandakanya izikhokelo ezikhuthaza ukulinda ezinye iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane ze-sinus
Okubaluleke kakhulu, nangona kunjalo, kukho ukuqonda okukhulu kwemiphumo yecalabiyo. Ukuqaphela imiphumo emibi yokuba iziza-antibiotics zingabangela ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubakho imimiselo engaphantsi yemimiselo ye-antibiotic yebanda kunye nezinye izifo zintsholongwane ukuze i-antibiotics isebenze xa sifuna.
ImiSebenzi yeeNtsholongwane eziPhezulu
Ukuba umntwana wakho wenza umphumo wecala ngelixa uthatha, okanye emva kokumisa imithi yokubulala i-antibiotic, qi Imiphumo echaphazelekayo yamachiza ingaquka:
- I-antiartictic- diarrhea echaphazelekayo - Ukufumana isifo sohudo xa uthatha i-antibiotics ininzi kakhulu kunokuba abazali abaninzi bayayiqonda. Kucatshangwa ukuba ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini kwabantwana baya kuhlakulela isifo sohudo, nokuba ngaba bathatha i-antibiotics, okanye ukuya kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokuba bawugqibile. Nangona ezinye i-antibiotics zicingelwa ukuba zinokubangela ukuba uhudo, kuquka u-Augmentin kunye ne-erythromycin, malunga naluphina i-antibiotic inokubangela ukuba umntwana abe nesifo sohudo.
- Ukuphendulwa kwe- antigentics - I-Antibiotics inokubangela ukuba izimpembelelo zithinteke. Ngelishwa, iimpendulo ezininzi zentsholongwane zingabangela ukukhwabaniswa kwesikhumba okungadideka kunye neempembelelo zokumelana nokuba ngaba umntwana unqunyelwe ngokungavumelekanga i-antibiotiki, ebangela iingxaki xa umntwana efuna imithi ye-antibiotics ngexesha elizayo.
- Ukuxhatshazwa kwezidakamizwa - Ukurhoxiswa kwezidakamizwa (kunokuba isisombululo senzeke) kwi-antibiotic ingabandakanya ukuhlambalaza, i-maculopapular rashes okanye ukulibaziseka-ukuqala ukuxubusha (kubonakale njengemihlathi), kodwa akusiyo i-IgE-mediated response reaction and so won bangela ukuba abantu basongela ubomi be-anaphylactic.
- Izifo zesinambu - Izifo zesonka ziyakwenzeka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yomzimba kwaye zingabandakanya ukuxhamla ngomlomo (thrush) okanye ukuhlukana komzimba (Candidal vulvovaginitis.)
- Amazinyo agciniweyo - Ngokwesiqhelo, iziphumo ezivela kwi-tetracycline zibangelwa ukucokisa izinyo xa zinikwe abantwana abancinci ngexesha lokubalwa kwe-enamel, yingakho ezi antibiotics (i-tetracycline, doxycycline kunye ne-minocycline) ayisoloko isetyenziselwa abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka yobubhozo. Okumangalisa kukuba kucingelwa ukuba nokuba iAmoxil ingabangela amazinyo anonakele. Olunye uphando lubhalile ukuba abantwana abathatha i-Amoxil kwiinyanga zokuqala ezintathu ukuya ezintandathu zokuphila babenobungozi obuncitshisiweyo bokugqithisa izinyo kamva.
- I-Fever - Nangona ingaqhelekanga ingqalelo njengempembelelo yecala, ezinye i-antibiotics ziye zadibaniswa nomkhuhlane okhutshwa yiziyobisi xa zinikezwa ngaphakathi (nge-IV.)
Ngethamsanqa, ezininzi zeziphumo zempembelelo zingezona zisesigxina, zingasongeli ubomi, kwaye zihambe xa umntwana wakho eyeka i-antibiotic ethatha. Ukuphendulwa komzimba kungadinga ukuphathwa nge-antihistamines okanye i-corticosteroids kunye nezifo zesantya zingadinga ukuphathwa ngamachiza antifungal.
Ezinye iziphumo eziphambili ze-Antibiotic Effects
I-antibiotics ayibangeli nje isifo sohudo kunye nemisundu. Iipesenti ezingaphezulu kwe-22 zokutyelela kwigumbi lexakeka ngenxa yeempendulo ezimbi kwiimithi zonyango ngo-2011 zibangelwa ngamayeza.
Kwaye enye yezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokutyelela igumbi olubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezigulane zonyango kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu. Akumangalisi xa ucinga ukuba ezinye zeziphumo ezibi kakhulu zingabandakanya:
- I-Anaphylaxis - i- Anaphylaxis yingozi yokuphila esongela ubomi obunobomi obubandakanya iimpawu zokungabikho komzimba, ngakumbi ingxaki yokuphefumla kunye / okanye ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwegazi.
- I-Stevens-Johnsons syndrome - I- Stevens-Johnsons syndrome yindlela esabela ngayo ingozi yokuphila. Abantwana abanesifo se-Stevens-Johnson bahlakulela iimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane kunye nezilonda ezibuhlungu okanye imilenze emlonyeni, impumlo, amehlo kunye ne-genco mucosa.
- Inetyhefu ye-epidermal necrolysis (i-TEN) - Ifom ye-Stevens-Johnson.
- Iingxaki ze-musculoskelet - I-Cipro (ciprofloxacin) kunye nezinye i-fluoroquinolones aziqhelekanga kubantwana. Bathwala ingozi yokuphulukana kwetoni kunye nokuba ngumonakalo wesigxina osisigxina, ngakumbi kubantwana, i-Cipro ingabangela iingxaki zethambo, ezihlangeneyo kunye neetonon, kuquka intlungu okanye ukuvuvukala.
- Ukwelashwa kweClostridium difficile - C. i-diff yiyo ibhaktheriya enokubangela ukurhoxa kunye nezinye iimpawu zesisu, ngokuqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo kubantwana abasandul 'ukulwa namayeza.
- I-Red man syndrome - Indlela eyenzeka ngayo kubantwana abafumana i-IV vancomycin, i-red man syndrome iquka ukutshala kwentloko nentamo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, ngokubhekiselele, ukuphendula ngokusongela ubomi.
- I-Ototoxicity - Ezinye i-antibiotics, ngokukodwa i-aminoglycosides, njenge-gentamicin, ingabangela ukulimala kwe-cochlear okanye i-vestibular, ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwindlebe. Kungako kubalulekile ukubheka amanqanaba eziyobisi xa abantwana, ngokukodwa abantwana abatsha bazalwa, banikwa le antibiotic. Ingqalelo kukuba ezi antibiotics ayisebenzisi ngaphandle kokuba umntwana unentsholongwane engathanga ukuphendula kwamanye amagciwane.
- I-epopitisitis yepilititis - Ingozi yomntwana ingashukunyiswa yipilisi ye-antibiotics ethatha, ingakumbi ukuba imiselwe ukuba i-doxycycline, eyona inkulu.
- I-Photosensitivity - ezininzi antibiotics, ingakumbi ezo zisetyenziselwa ukunyanga i- acne , zingenza abantwana bavelele ngakumbi elangeni. Oku kuquka i-antibiotics, i-tetracycline, i-minocycline, kunye ne-doxycycline, apho unonophelo olongezelelweyo lokunciphisa ukutyhila kwelanga kufuneka kuthathwe xa umntwana wakho eselula ethatha.
- I-lupus eyenza izidakamizwa - Abantwana bangavelisa iimpawu ze-systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) ngelixa bethatha amayeza athile, ngokukodwa amanani aphakamileyo e-minocycline ixesha elide.
- I-Benign intracranial hypertenal - I-Minocycline ngezinye izihlandlo ingabangela ingozi ye-hypertension okanye i-pseudotumor cerebri, apho abantwana bathatha iyeza baphula isifo esiyintloko, isicaphulo kunye nokuhlanza.
Ngelishwa, ukususela ngo-2005, kukho ukunyuka kwama-69 ekhulwini kwiindwendwe eziphuthumayo kwizityalo ezichaphazelekayo. Oku kubalulekile ukuba ufunde indlela yokuziphepha.
Ukuphepha iAppritictic Side Effects
Eyona ndlela, indlela efanelekileyo yokukhusela i-antibiotic effects effects kuphela ukufumana imithi ye-antibiotic xa kuyimfuneko ukuphatha isifo se-bacteria kwaye uthathe ukuyithatha njengoko imiselweyo.
Ukongezelela ekukhuthazeni ukuchasana kwamagciwane, xa i-antibiotics ingakwazi ukubulala amabhaktheriya kwakhona, ukuthatha i-antibiotics xa ingafuneki kunokubeka umngcipheko wakho kwimiphumo emibi. Emva koko, loo kadakamizwa ka-Amoxil okanye i-Zithromax ayikwazi ukubangela isifo sohudo okanye isiphumo esiphezulu xa sasingabhalwanga kwindawo yokuqala.
Kodwa xa i-antibiotics iyadingeka, njengokuba umntwana wakho ene- throp throat okanye i-pneumonia, unokukwazi ukukhusela okanye ubuncinane ukunciphisa ithuba lomntwana wakho wokuphuhlisa iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo ngokuthi:
- Ukuthatha iprobiotics - Izifundo eziliqela zibonise ukuba i-probiotics inokuthintela isifo sohudo oluchaphazelekayo kumabantwana.
- Ukusela isilawuli samanzi epheleleyo ukukhusela i-pipopitis yepilititis ukuba umntwana wakho uthatha i-doxycycline okanye ezinye iipilisi ezinkulu okanye iipilisi.
- Qaphela ukuba ukhusela umntwana wakho elangeni ukuba uthatha i-antibiotiki engambeka engozini enkulu yokushisa ilanga ngokusebenzisa i-sunscreen, ukugqoka iimpahla zokukhusela, kunye nokunciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga xa kunamandla.
- Ukuthatha i-antibiotic njengoko kuchaziwe, kuquka ukugqiba yonke imithi ukuze ungenayo iyeza elishiyekileyo.
- Ukuphepha ukusebenzisana namanye amayeza ngokuqinisekisa ukuba udokotela wakho wezilwanyana uyazi malunga nazo zonke ezinye imishanguzo, kuquka i-counter-counter-counter and remedies eyenziwa ngumntwana wakho.
- Ukugcina i-antibiotics ngokufanelekileyo, ngakumbi ukuba kufuneka ifriji.
- Landela izikhokelo malunga nokuba ungathathi i-antibiotics ngokutya okanye kwisisu esingenalutho.
Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ke, hlaziya i-antibiotic yakutsha ichaza izikhokelo ukwenzela ukuba awukhangeli i-antibiotiki rhoqo xa umntwana wakho eneempumlo ze-runny, isifo somqala, okanye intsholongwane emancinci.
Yintoni Oyaziyo Ngayo Imiphumo Yecala Lokulwa Namagciwane
Nangona ngamanye amaxesha kungumngcipheko, iimiphumo ezimbi ezivela kumachiza ezinokuthi zinokuthi zinzulu. Ezinye izinto ezaziyo malunga nemiphumo emibi yecalabiyo zibandakanya ukuba:
- Nangona kungasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuphatha abantwana abancinci, i-Doxycycline iboniswe kubantwana abane-Ehrlichiosis kunye ne- Rocky Mountain ebonakalayo , kunye nokuba baneminyaka engama-8. Kule meko, ingozi yezi zifo ezikhutshwa ngokukhawuleza zikhutshwa ziziganeko zokuthatha i-antibiotic.
- Kubantwana, i-Cipro iboniswa ukunyanga kweengxaki zokucima umchamo kunye ne-pyelonephritis (intsholongwane yesifo) ngenxa ye- Escherichia coli . Akunjalo, kodwa, ikhefu lokuqala lokukhethwa kwabantwana abancinci.
- I-Omnicef (cefdinir) ngamanye amaxesha inokubangela ukuba isitulo somntwana sibe nombala obomvu ngenxa yokusebenzisana neetithamini zetsimbi, isisombululo sesana kunye nensimbi, okanye ezinye iimveliso zensimbi.
- I-Amoxil (i-amoxicillin) ngezinye izihlandlo ibangela ukuba utshintsho lwezenzo, kuquka ukuxhatshazwa nokukhathazeka.
- Abantwana abanesifo se-glucose-6-phosphatase (ukungabikho kwe-G6PD) akufanele bathathe i-antibiotics ethile ngenxa yengozi yokuphucula i-hemolytic anemia. Imizekelo yale antibiotics ifaka i-sulfonamide ne-nitrofurantoin.
- Ii-antibiotics ziphatha unyango olusisongela ubomi kwaye zichazwe njengezilwanyana ezimangalisa kwaye njengenye yezinto ezilishumi eziphambili zezempilo empilweni ye-20 ye-Century. Musa ukuxhalabisa ngemiphumo emibi kukugcina ukuba ungathathi i-antibiotics xa uwafuna.
Ukuba umntwana wakho unempembelelo echaphazelekayo enxulumene nokuthatha i-antibiotic, unokuyibika kwi-FDA ngokusebenzisa ifom yokunika ingxelo yokuzithandela kwi-MedWatch.
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- > Issa, I., noRa. Moucari. Iiprobiotics ze-Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea: Ngaba Sinesiqinisekiso? . I-World Journal yeGastroenterology . 2014. 20 (47): 17788-17795.
- > Zareifopoulos, N., noG. Panayiotakopoulos. Iimpembelelo ze-Neuropsychiatric ze-Antimicrobial Agents. Uphando lwezonyango . 2017. 37 (5): 423-437.