Phakathi kwemithi, i-Bambi intshontsho, amabhontshi anesihlabathi kunye namanzi afudumeleyo, iFlorida Keys ngokuqhelekileyo izandile njengendawo yemilingo. Kodwa ekwindla ngo-2016, iindwendwe ezingafunekiyo, i-screwworm, yaqala ukudala iingxaki zezilwanyana ezifuywayo, imfuyo, kunye ne-ranchers, ngokukodwa kuba inyamazane efunyenwe kwiFlorida Keys iilwanyana ezisengozini. Nangona kunjalo ukusuka emhlambini we-1000, sele sele isondele kuma-10 ekhulwini kuye kwafakwa phantsi ngenxa yezi zifo ezibuhlungu.
Iingcaphephe zimba ngokugqithiseleyo ekuqondeni le gciwane , iimpembelelo zalo, kunye neendlela ezibalulekileyo zokumisa.
Isiseko se-Screwworm
I-screwworm ifika njenge-fly fly. Kubukhulu besinqabunga esidala esiqhelekileyo kodwa sibonakala sihluke-sinamehlo e-orange kunye nomzimba okhangeleleneyo onobumba obuluhlaza, obuluhlaza, okanye obomvu ngeentambo ezimnyama.
Le ntlanzi iqala ukubangela iingxaki xa ibeka amaqanda. Iimpukane zezilwanyana zibeka amaqanda azo kwinqanaba lesilonda (okanye ngamanye amaxesha ezinye izivulo ezifana nomlomo okanye impumlo). Amaqanda aphanga ngaphakathi ngosuku olubekwe ngalo. Ingane iqhuma-izibungu-uze ubambe kwisilonda, usebenzisa oko kukutya. Oku kuthiwa yi-myiasis.
Ngamanye amazwi, oku kungumgubo we-maggot, kodwa ngokungafani nezinye iimbotyi ezi hlobo luhlala kwinyama ephilayo, kungekhona izicubu ezifile. Kwakhona kubuhlungu kakhulu kwizilwanyana nje ngokuba izibungu zimba kwaye zidla kwisilonda sesilonda. Iyakwazi ukuguqula i-scrape encinci ibe yilonda elibi, elibuhlungu, elibiweyo.
Izibungu zishiya isilonda zingaphantsi kweveki, ziyi-pupate, kwaye ziba yiempukane, ziqalise kwakhona inkqubo yonke.
Isilonda esasulelekile sisona sikhangele ngakumbi kwiimpukane zamama. Amaqanda amaninzi aya kufakwa kwilonda elifanayo, okwenza isilwanyana sigule. Ekugqibeleni, izilwanyana ezisulelekileyo ziya kufa kulo.
Kukho ihlabathi elitsha kunye ne-Old World version ye-screwworm.
IWorld World screwworm ibizwa ngokuthi Cochliomyia hominivorax . I-Old World screwworm ibizwa ngokuthi iChrysomya bezziana kwaye ifunyenwe kwezinye iindawo ezifudumele, e-Asia (ngakumbi i-South Asia ne-mpuma-mpuma ye-Asia), i-Afrika kunye neMbindi Mpuma.
Ziphi iifreyworms ezifumaneka?
Izibhunqa zifunyenwe eMzantsi Melika nakwezinye iindawo zaseCaribbean. Amazwe aseburhulumenteni base-United States acinga ukuba achaphazelekayo afaka iArgentina, iBolivia, iBrazil, iColombia, i-Ecuador, iHaiti, iJamaica, iParaguay, iPeru, i-Uruguay neVenezuela.
Iifreyworms zihlala ziphinde zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Unokufumana ukuba iibhegi zakho zikhangelekile, kodwa esinye sezizathu zokuba kukho umsebenzi omningi wokukhusela inyama kunye nezilwanyana ekuhambeni okungahlolwayo kumasiko ngamazwe. Kukho njalo ithuba lokuba inkabi okanye imfuyo inokuthi ithwale i-fly okanye i-larva ibuyele kwilizwe.
Baye baye eMelika ngaphambi
Izibhunqa zaziqala ukufika e-US ukusuka eMzantsi Melika kwiminyaka ye-1800. Izibhunqa zatshatyalaliswa kwi-US ngo-1966. Oko kukuthi, abantu abahlala bexhaswa ngamagqabhule babonwa ngokugqibela e-US ngo-1966. Kwakusekho izikhwebu e-US ukuya ngo-1982, nangona kunjalo. Izibhunqa ezifakwe ngokubanzi zivela eMexico ukuya eTexas kwaye zanda ngakumbi ngonyaka ngamnye.
Akukho matyala abonwayo e-US ngaphandle kweTexas ukususela ngo-1970 kwaye akukho zihlandlo zasendle eziye zabikwa e-US ukususela ngo-1982, xa iimeko zokugqibela ezintandathu zaxelwa kwiTexas. Kukhona umzamo wokugcina iCanama Canal njengendawo yeentlanzi ezingenako ukusasazeka eMzantsi Melika ukuya kwi-Central kunye neMntla Melika.
Oko akuthethi akukho zihlandlo ezithe zabonwa e-US Ngamanye amaxesha umntu uza kubuya nesilwanyana esivela kwelinye ilizwe elithelelekileyo. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 2010, inja yezilwanyana yaziwa ngabagqirha bezilwanyana ukuba bathathe i-infestation esuka eVenezuela ukuya eFlorida. Indawo yayiphathwa kakuhle emva kwelo ganeko.
Ngaphambi kowe-1966, ezi zinambuzane kwakuyinkathazo enkulu kubaxhasi kunye nabanye ngemfuyo. Izibhunqa ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlala kwiindawo ezifudumele e-US Ngokuxhomekeka kwindlela ebanda ngayo kubusika, ezi zinambuzane zingaphila kwezinye iindawo ezifudumalayo kulo lonke i-Florida, eTexas, eArizona naseCalifornia. Emva kwebusika, iimpukane zaza kwasasazeka ngexesha lentsasa, ihlobo, kunye nokuwa. Isizukulwana ngasinye sendiza sasingaba ngamasentimitha ngaphezulu kwenyakatho, njengoko besasazeka ukuya kuma-80-160 km kwisizukulwana ngasinye. Ngethuba lexesha lezulu lezulu lafika, ngamanye amaxesha bangena kwiindawo eziphambili zase-US kwaye bacinga ukuba baxelelwe emngceleni neChanada.
Umphumo we-Screwworm kwi-Economy
Izigubhu ezivame ukuchaphazela imfuyo nemfuyo inokubaluleka kakhulu. EFlorida yedwa, le shishini lixabisa ngaphezu kwe-2.5 billion yezigidi ze-US. Yimashishini urhulumente ufuna ukukhusela ngokwezoqoqosho. Ezinye iinkalo zenza njalo, kunjalo.
Ukusuleleka kwe-Screwworm kungabangela ukulahlekelwa kwemfuyo, kunye nezo zifo zingaphala imali eninzi ngonyango kunye nokukhusela. Ukuba iifreyworms zisasazeka kwaye zithintela imfuyo e-US zinokuhlawula imveliso yemfuyo emininzi yezigidi zeedola.
Ukuqhambuka okuncinane okuqulethwe eMexico ngo-1992 no-1993 kwindleko zezigidi zeedola. Ngokuqinisekileyo asifuni ukubona enkulu.
Control Screwworm
Izibhunqa zazigqitywa ekuqaleni kwi-US ngokukhupha iintlobo zee-fly scm, eziqala ngo-1950. IFlorida iphinda iphinde isebenze ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo. Umbuso waqala ngo-Oktobha 2016 ukukhulula iimpukane ezingaphantsi kwakhona. Ithemba kukuba iindlovu eziyinyumba ziza kulala kunye namabhinqa, okubangelwa amaqanda ambalwa akhiqizwayo, njengabaninzi abafazi abayi kuphumelela.
Kuthatha ezininzi iimpukane. Iingcali zazifuneka zivelise izigidi zeempukane nganye ngeveki ukuba ziqhubeke kunye nesidingo okanye mhlawumbi 'aziyi kugxotha' izimpukane eziqhelekileyo. Kwakukho ubusika obushushu ngo-1957-8. EFlorida, abaphandi kunye noorhulumente bakhupha abesilisa abangama-2 ukuya ku-14 bengahlali ngeveki baza babone ukufikelela kwee-wormsworms. Emva koko bahlambela imveliso yabo yabesilisa abangenamazinyo ezenza izimpukane eziyi-50-75 eziyinyumba ngeeveki.
Oku kunjengezinyosi kunye nezicwangciso zokuvuselela izifo ezithwalwe ngummiyane njengoZika , iDengue , kunye neChikungunya . Oorhulumente nabaphandi baye bafuna ukufumana iindlela zokuthintela izifo ezithwala umlwanyana ukusasazeka kwaye sele zijonge ukubonisa le ngcamango. Kukho abaninzi abaye basekela ukusetyenziswa kwezimiyane zesilisa ezinokuguqulwa komzimba okanye ukusetyenziswa kweWolbachia ukuchaphazela abantu.
Ngaphandle kokuphelisa iimpukane kunye nokusebenzisa inambuzane, kubalulekile nokuba ukuphepha ukuvumela izilwanyana ukuba zibe namanxeba angabangela isidleke kule maqanda. Kukho iinkqubo zemfuyo ezinokubangela ukuba amanxeba aqhube angasebenzisa ukubeka iqanda. Ezi ziquka ukushicilela, ukuboya uboya, ukuhlambalaza nokukhutshwa kwezilwanyana.
Kwakhona ingcinga efanelekileyo yokuba izilwanyana ziphephe iikiti. Ukukotela ukukotela kungaba yindawo yokuqala apho amaqanda abekwe khona. Ukusabalala kwamakethi eTexas kwakuthetha ukuba iifreyworms zaqhubeka zingama-1970 ubudala kunokuba zinokunye.
Ekugqibeleni, kukho kwakhona indawo yokutywinelwa kwi-Key West, eyenziwe yiFlorida (naseGeorgia). Oku kukuphepha ukuvumela izilwanyana ezithelelekileyo zivumela ukusabalalisa kwezi ntlekele. Kukho iinkcukacha zokujonga ukugcina izilwanyana ezinokusuleleka kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.
Unyango lweNtsholongwane
Kwiimeko apho usulelo lusenzeka khona, ezinye iikhemikhali xa zisetyenziswe kwilonda elisulelekileyo zingabulala izibungu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna ukuba uphathwe isilonda iintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu ngokulandelelanayo uze ususe ama-larvae emva koko (zithetha ngokugqithisa).
Abanye basebenzisa nokutshiza okanye ukutshiza kwezilwanyana nge-insecticide ukukhusela kwakhona i-fly yeentsuku ezisixhenxe ukuya kwi-10.
Ngaba i-Screwworm ithinta izilwanyana?
Izibhunqa ziyakwazi-kwaye zichaphazele iilonda zezilwanyana ezifuywayo kunye nezilwanyana ezilahlekileyo, njengokuba zinokuchaphazela izilwanyana zezilwanyana. Izifo zokugonywa kwe-Screwworm ziye zafunyanwa kwiikati, kwizinja, nakwihagu eFlorida ngo-2016. Amatyala okuqala adla ngokubonakalayo kwizilwanyana zasilwanyana.
Amanxeba angaphathwa kwaye izibungu zingasuswa, kodwa kukulungele ukuphepha le nto. Kubuhlungu kwintlanzi kwaye inokuba yintsholongwane ephazamisayo.
Ukuba unesilwanyana, gcina amanxeba eepilisi zakho ezigubungelekileyo kwaye ungazifaki kwiindawo apho kukho izibhunqa ukuba ungakuphepha. Ukuba ufumana isilwanyana esivela ngaphandle kwe-US okanye ukuzisa isilwanyana sakho ukuhamba nawe ngaphandle kwe-US kubalulekile ukuba ne-vet uhlole isilwanyana sakho, ingakumbi ukuba kukho na amanxeba abuhlungu.
Ngaba i-Screwworm ithinta abantu?
Oku kwenzeka ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa ngokubanzi akufanele kube yinkxalabo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukugcina amanxeba ekhuselekileyo kuseloko kuluvo oluhle, kwaye ingcinga engcono ngakumbi ukuba uhlala kwindawo echaphazelekayo yi-screwworm infestations. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo zentsholongwane, izifo zingaphathwa kwaye izibungu zipheliswe.
> Imithombo:
> North Carolina Dept yezolimo. Screwworm.
> FAO. Ukulawulwa kwe-screwworm nokupheliswa kwintshona ye-United States yaseMerika.
> USDA. IWorld World Screwworm .
> Isebe lezoLimo laseCalifornia. Screwworm .