Iminyaka eyi-20 yokuqala: 1984-2003
Imbali yokuqala yokuphuhliswa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza yayiyodwa yethemba kunye nezithembiso. Ngethuba le ntsho longwane ye-HIV, izazinzulu, izapolitiki, kunye nabasebenzi be-activist bafana bonke bakholelwa ukuba ukugonywa kwe-AIDS kwakungqongileyo. Kwakukho abaphikisi, kodwa kuninzi kwakukho izithembiso. Kwathatha iminyaka ngaphambi kokuba ithemba lithatyathelwe ngokugqithiseleyo. Sebenzisa lo mgca-mgca ukufunda ngembali ye-20 yokuqala ye-HIV yophuhliso lokugonya.
1984
I-HIV-1 ifunyenwe. UGawulayo akusisifo esingaqondakaliyo. Oososayensi baqala ukuba nethemba lokuba banakho ukuvelisa isitofu sokukhusela kwisifo esaziwa ngokuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, "I-Gay Plague."
Ngenkomfa yenkomfa ye-Apreli, uNobhala wezeMpilo wase-US uMargaret Heckler uthi kufuneka kugqitywe igciwane lokugonywa kwe-HIV ekuvavanyeni kwiminyaka emibini.
1985
Uphuhliso lwe-HIV lokugonya luqala ngokunyanisekileyo. Ngelishwa, izazinzulu zithwaxwa yingxaki. Kuye kwenzeka ukuba i-HIV iyalungelelaniswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuze ixhathise iindlela ezininzi zokupasa ukugonya.
1986
Isifo sokugonywa kwe-HIV sokuqala sivunyiwe ukuvavanywa klinikhi.
1987
Inqaku kwiphephancwadi leNdalo libika ukuba zonke i-chimpanzees kwisilingo sokugonya zithatheleleke nge-HIV nangona zivelise zombini i-antibody kunye ne-T yesigidimi se-HIV emva kokufumana isitofu. Ekubuyiseleni, oku kukuhluleka kokuxelela.
Iqela le-AIDS Clinic Trials Group (i-ACTG) lwakhiwa ukubonelela inethiwekhi yeziza zonyango ezingasetyenziselwa izifundo zonyango lwe-HIV.
Uvavanyo lokuqala lweklinikhi yokugonywa kwe-HIV luqala eUnited States. Esi sigaba inzame yokuphepha ibhalisa amavolontiya anempilo, angakhuselekanga angama-138 kwaye ifumanisa ukuba isitofu sokugonywa ngumviwa asinayo imiphumo emibi.
1988
Iqela leVavanyo leNtsholongwane kaGawulayo (AVEG) liqala ukubhalisa amavolontiya.
1989
Iingcali zenzululwazi zivakalisa uphuhliso oluphumeleleyo lwe-SIV (i-simian immunodeficiency virus).
1990
Inqaku elikwiphephancwadi laseFourune lithetha ukuba kunokukhokelela ekukhuselweni kwe-HIV ngaphambi kuka-1993.
1991
Inkqubo yokugonywa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza i-Pasteur-Merieux Connaught iqala.
Umgudu wokuqala wokugonywa nguGawulayo e-US uvakaliswe ngokukhuselekileyo.
Ekupheleni konyaka, ii-patents ezingama-26 zinikezelwe ukuphuculwa kwe-HIV.
1992
Icandelo lokuqala lokuxhaswa kwe-NIH lenkxaso ye-HIV yesifo sokugonywa yi-HIV iqala. Ubhalisa abantu abanobungozi obuphezulu kwaye ubacebise ukuba baphephe ukuziphatha okumazi.
I-AVEG iqalisa isilingo sayo sokuqala sokugonywa kwesigulo - esenzelwe ukuphucisa ukunyuka kwesifo endaweni yokuthintela ukusuleleka kosulelo lwe-HIV. Ubhalisa abantu abangama-55 nabasetyhini abanesifo se-HIV.
1993
Isivivinyo sokuqala sokugonywa kwesifo sokugonywa ukubandakanya abantwana abangenayo i-HIV abanesifo se-HIV kunye nabasetyhini abakhulelwe abane-HIV baqala.
Uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-HIV lwe-HIV lwe-NIAID lokubhalisa abantu abanesifo esiphezulu se-HIV luqala.
Umbutho WezeMpilo Wehlabathi kunye noRhulumente waseThailand usebenzisana ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sikazwelonke sokuhlolwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza.
UMassachusetts uvakalisa i-state yokuqala yokuxhaswa kwegciwane lokugonywa kwe-HIV.
1994
I-NIH iseka izikhokelo malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba kubambalwa kwizilingo zeklinikhi.
Uvavanyo lokuqala lwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza e-Asia luyaqhubeka.
1995
Iphaneli yokuvota ivoti yokuthumela iSgn
1996
Izilingo ze-Phase III ze-Salk vaccine, ngoku kuthiwa yi-Remune, ziqale ukubhalisa e-US naseThailand.
I-AIDS ye-International Initiative Vaccine (IAVI) idalwe.
Uvavanyo lwegp160 luphelela ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa luhluleka ukukhusela i-HIV okanye ukunciphisa isikolo sesifo.
1997
UMongameli uBill Clinton useka injongo yokuphuhlisa isitofu se-HIV kwiminyaka eyi-10. Ngethuba ekuthethaneni neqela labafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseMorgan State, uthi "Akusekho umbuzo wokuba singakwazi ukuhlaselwa ngumgudu wokugonywa yi-AIDS, umbuzo nje xa.
Kwaye akunakufika umhla ngokukhawuleza, "kwaye uthembisa ukuseka isikhungo sophando lwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kwiziko leZiko lezeMpilo.
Izilingo zokugonya i-HIV ezingaphezu kwama-95 zigqityiwe.
Amadoda namabhinqa angaphezu kwama-2,000 athathe inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo zonyango lwegciwane lesandulela ngculazi kwiindawo zezilingo zeCandelo loVavanyo lweNtsholongwane kaGawulayo e-US
I-UNAIDS idibanisa intlanganiso ukuxubusha imiba yokuziphatha echaphazelekayo yophando lwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza kumazwe asakhulayo.
1998
UVaxgen uqala izilingo zesigaba III somviwa wegciwane le-HIV AIDSVAX.
1999
IBhodi yokuLawulwa kweNkcukacha zoKhuseleko iphetha izilingo zeSigaba III seRunne xa kungekho mmahluko obonwayo phakathi kwegciwane lokugonya kunye namaqela e-placebo.
I-Uganda iya kuba yindawo yokuqala yokuhlolwa kwegciwane le-HIV.
UVaxgen uqala ukufumana inkundla ye-AIDSVAX eThailand.
2000
I-Network Yokunyuswa kweNtsholongwane yeNtsholongwane kaGawulayo yenziwa I-HVTN ibambiswano loluntu-lwabucala lwabaphandi be-vaccine. I-headquarter e-Fred Hutchinson Research Centre yase Seattle, kwaye ixhaswe yi-NIH.
I-UNAIDS inika uxwebhu olukhokelo olusemthethweni malunga nokuziphatha kwe-HIV yophando lokugonywa kumazwe asakhulayo.
Uvavanyo lokukhusela igciwane lesandulela ngculaza luqala eKenya.
Isigaba sam Iilingo le-vaccine ye-DNA ehambayo iqalisiwe.
2001
Abaphandi be-NIH badibana namaqela oluntu ukuba bahlolisise ukuthatha inxaxheba kwabaselula kwiimvavanyo zokugonywa nge-HIV.
Ingxelo ye-HVTN ingabonakalisa ukuba i-HVTN iyakhupha iilingo ezine ezine-HIV eziqhubekayo, kunye nomnye uceba ukuqala emva konyaka.
Icandelo leSicwangciso-sokuQinisekisa iNqununu lifunyenwe ukubonisa isithembiso kwiinkwenkwe.
2002
AIDSInfo iya kuphila.
I-GlaxoSmithKline izisa ukuba iya kuqalisa uvavanyo lwe-HIV lokugonywa kwi-NefTat ne-gp120.
UMerck uqala izilingo zokukhusela isigcineko segag.
2003
Kwaziswa ukuba uvavanyo lwe-AIDSVAX eThailand aluphumelelanga.
I-epimmune ye-HIV-1090 isitofu esiya kwiimvavanyo zeesigaba. Isitofu sokugonywa sinamalungu angama-21 athatyathwa nge-HIV DNA ngokulandelelana neengxenye ezahlukeneyo zegciwane eligcinwe kakhulu. Injongo yalo kukukhuthaza i-cell cytotoxic T. Nguye umviwa wokuqala wokugonywa nguGawulayo okumele afundwe kanyekanye eMelika nakwamanye amazwe.
- Ukuqonda ii-cytotoxic T zymphocytes
I-Merck ne-Aventis iqela ukwenza isilingo se-vaccines yabo yegag kwiindawo ezili-18.
Imithombo:I-Coulter AH "Iimeko ezikhoyo ngokuPhuhliso lweNkukhu: Ngaba Sisisondele na?" Uncedo lweNtsholongwane. NgoJuni 1992, 6 (3): 123-125.
I-Deeks SG kunye ne-Walker BD "Abalawuli beNtsholongwane ye-Virus Immunodeficiency Virus: Iinkqubo zokuLawula iVirus Virus kwi-Absence of Antiretroviral Treatment" Unomsocoko. 2007; 27: 406-16.
I-Dolgin E. "Iithagethi ezitsha zinika ithemba lokugonywa kwe-HIV" Iindaba zeNdalo. NgoSeptemba 3. 2009. (Ukufumaneka kwi-intanethi 10/1/09)
UMedema F. "Imbali emfutshane yocwaningo lokugonywa kwe-HIV: ukubuyela kwibhodi yokudweba?" AIDS. 2008 Septemba 12; 22 (14): 1699-703.
Murphey-Corb M et al. "I-vaccine ye-SIV ye-formalin-inactivated ngokupheleleyo iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwi-macaques" Isayensi. Ngowe-1989 uDis 8; 246 (4935): 1293-7.
Walker BD, Burton DR. "Kwimeko yokugonya i-AIDS." Sayensi. 2008 Meyi 9; 320 (5877): 760-4.
Izilingo zeeNtsholongwane zeNtsholongwane kaGawulayo - I-NIAID Fact Sheet. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/clinrsch.htm (Ukufikelela kwi-10/1/09)
I-HVTN Fact Sheet. http://www.hvtn.org/media/FactSheet.pdf (Ukufikelela kwi-10/1/09)
WHO: Iqonga lesithathu leNkqubo yoLondolozo lweNtsholongwane ka-AIDS http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr53/en/index.html (Ukufikelela kwi-10/9)
Ulwaphulo lwe-AIDS Ulwazi lweNtsholongwane. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/Vaccines/MainSearch.aspx?strPreventive=on&strTherapeutic=on&strSponsor=All&strRecruiting=on&status=1&strNoRecruiting=on&NRstatus=1 (Ukufikelela kwi-10/1/09)
AIDS Info Press Release: IiNtsholongwane kaGawulayo noGawulayo http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/aprs/release.aspx?an=A00070 (Ukufikelela kwi-10/1/09)
I-AEGIS Fact Sheet - Uphando lwezonyango kwi-HIV / AIDS I-Vaccineshttp: //www.aegis.org/factshts/NIAID/1997/niaid97_fact_sheet_clinrsch.html (Ukufikeleleka ngo-10/1/09)
INTSHONO ENTSHA YOKUSEBENZA NGA-AIDS Kukho ithemba lokwenene emva koko konke: I-vaccine yokukhusela ingabakho apha ngo-1993. Ezinye iziyobisi ezifumaneka ngokukhawuleza kufuneka zinciphise okanye ziyeke ukuvalwa kwezifo ngaphandle kwe-AZT. NgoFebhuwari 26, 1990 i-Fortune Magazine. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1990/02/26/73115/index.htm (Ukufumaneka kwi-intanethi 10/1/09)
I-AIDS Vaccine I-Bulletin I-Special Issue-2005 Unyaka Wokubuyiselwa. NgoJanuwari 2006 • I-Vol.4 • I-No.1 http://www.iavi.org/lists/iavipublications/attachments/11b8f27a-4f78-4a9f-9e52-167f3f522901/iavi_vax_table_jan_2006_eng.pdf (Ukufikelela kwi-10/1/09)