Ababhedlele besibhedlele banokunceda iziphumo ezingcono zeeklinikhi
NgoSeptemba 2016, iziphumo ezivela kuphando olupapashwe kwi-J AMA lwangaphakathi lwamayeza lubonise ukuba oogqirha bezemfundo kwizikolo ezingama-24 zaseMelika zonyango benza iipesenti ezisibhozo ezingaphantsi kwemali kunabo abafana nabo.
Ngoku kutshanje, iziphumo ezivela kwelinye uphando zipapashwe kwi- JAMA Internal Medicine zibonisa ukuba abaqeqeshi basemzini abasebenza kwizibhedlele zesibhedlele (aba bhedlele), ubuncinci, baphumelele ekuphatheni izigulane zabantu abadala
Ukuthatyathwa ndawonye iziphumo zezi zifundo ezihlukeneyo kunokutolika ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Kukho izibhedlele zabasetyhini ngaphandle apho kunika ukunakekelwa okungcono kunabo abesilisa kunye nokuhlawulwa ngaphantsi kokukwenza.
Nangona kuhamba kwe-Equal Pay Act ka-1963, abafazi basenza abangaphantsi kwamadoda. Ngelishwa, i-gap yokubhalwa kwezesini ayikho into entsha kunye neyona nto ibuhlungu yobomi ebonakalayo ininzi yabasetyhini abathatha imisebenzi yabo yokuqala emva kokugqiba iikholeji. Ngokombutho waseMelika we-University of Women (AAUW) , "abafazi omnye unyaka ngaphandle kweekholejini abasebenzisa ixesha elipheleleyo, ngokulinganayo, i-82 ekhulwini yento abafana babo abayifumana ngayo."
Kodwa ithemba lokuba abanye besibhedlele besibhedlele banokubonelela ngononophelo kunokuba abo bafana nabo baqaphele ngokukhethekileyo kwaye kubakho impembelelo. Emva koko, kulingela ukucinga ukuba kuba amadoda nabasetyhini bafundiswa kwaye baqeqeshwa kwizikolo zonyango ezifanayo kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho lwezonyango, ukunyamekela ababonelelayo kufuneka kufaneke.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kokulungelelanisa ukuguqulwa kwezinto eziphazamisayo, oku kubonakala ngathi akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, kwaye abaphandi kulolu cwaningo bachonga oku kuqiniswa ukuba amayeza oomama asebenza ngokuhlukileyo kumadoda.
Uphando
Kwinqaku le-2016 elibizwa ngokuthi "Ukuthelekiswa kweMpilo yokuPhumela kweZibhedlele kunye neRhafu yokuBala kwiMedare yeziGulane ezithathwa yi-Male vs Physicians of Physics," iqela labaphandi baseHarvard bavavanya isampula enkulu enokungahlawulisi-mali-inkonzo-inkonzo phakathi kukaJanuwari 1, 2011 noDisemba 31 , Ngo-2014, elifikelela kwizibhedlele ezizigidi ezi-1.5.
Umyinge weminyaka yesigulane esibhedlele yayineminyaka engama-80 ubudala.
Ngokwabaphandi, izigulane eziphathwe ngababhedlele besibhedlele ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo zinesifo esiphantsi kweentsuku ezingama-30 kunye nokunciphisa umhla wama-30 wokufunda ngaphandle kokuba izigulane ezifanayo ziphathwe ngababhedlele besilisa.
Kwizigulane ezisebekhulile ezineengxaki ezinkulu zezokwelapha ezifuna ukulaliswa esibhedlele, mhlawumbi ezi zimbini ziinjongo eziphambili zonyango ezingekho mpu melelo kwisibhedlele (1) ziphi izigulana eziphelelwa ukufa emva kokukhutshwa, zilinganiswe kule sifundo ngokulinganiselwa kweentsuku ezingama-30 zokufa , kunye (2) nenani labantu abagqityiweyo ukuba bafakwe esibhedlele ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, balinganiswe kulolu phofu ngovavanyo lwamaxesha angama-30 okufunda .
Ngokukodwa, kulolu cwaningo, ukufa kwesigulane seentsuku ezingama-30 esilungisiweyo esilinganisiwe phakathi kwamagqirha amabhinqa kwakuyi-11.07 yepesenti kwaye loo madoda yayingama-11.49 ekhulwini. Izinga lokufunda lokulungiswa kweentsuku ezingama-30 laliyi-15.02 ekhulwini phakathi kwabanikezeli besifazane kunye neepesenti eziyi-15.57 phakathi kwabanikezeli besilisa.
Nangona ukungabikho kweepesenti ezingaphantsi kwe-1 kuzo zonke iirhafu zingabonakala zincinci, cinga ukuba le ntlukwano ingathetha ukuba-ukuba lo mbutho ubonakaliswe ukuba yi-causal-abantu abangaphezu kwama-32,000 bangasindiswa kwi- Medicare kubantu kuphela ukuba izibhedlele zendoda ziphumelele iziphumo zonyango njengabesifazane.
Ukuba lo mbutho kwakufuneka uguqulele kubantu abangenawo unyango, umphumo unokuba luninzi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezi ngqikelela, ukufa kwabantu abangama-32,000 kuthetha ukuba kwakuza kuba nama-grandparents aseMelika ngaphandle apho abaza kubhiyozela imihla yokuzalwa, iziqu kunye namaqela eeholide. Futhi khumbula ukuba iinkumbulo azixabanga.
Kutheni Uhluke?
Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, "Iincwadi zibonise ukuba oogqirha basetyhini banakho ukuba banamathele kwizikhokelo zenkliniki, banike inkxaso ngoncedo olukhuselekileyo , sebenzisa unxibelelwano olujoliswe ngakumbi ngesigulane, benza ngokufanelekileyo okanye okubhetele kwiimviwo eziqhelekileyo, kwaye banikeze iingcebiso ngeengqondo ngokubanzi. izigulane zabo kunokuba ziontanga zabo. "Ngaphezu koko, le ntlukwano kwinkqubo yeklinikhi ibonakala iqhubela phambili kwiziko eliphambili, okanye isifo sengqondo, nokunyamekela.
Uphononongo lwangoku ngowokuqala ukubonisa ukuba ukungaboni ngaso linye kunokubangela ukuba kubekho iziphumo ezingcono kwizigulane zesigulane.
Abaphandi abanaso isizathu esicacileyo sokuba kutheni iziphumo zibonwe. Ugqirha wezobugqirha akayikuthi nje ukuba isiguli esele sikhulile okanye siphila emva kokukhutshwa esibhedlele. Endaweni yoko, isondo soogqirha ngummakishi wezinye iinguqu zokumodareyitha ezibangela inhlalakahle yesigulane, njengokwenza izigqibo zonyango.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba abaphandi baxhomekeke ekubeni kusekelwe kwiinkcukacha ezivela kumashishini ngaphandle kokunyamekelwa kwezempilo, amadoda angacwangcanga kakuhle xa esombulula iingxaki ezinzima.
Kwinqaku edibeneyo, akucaci ukuba ngaba oogqirha be-transgender banamava angcono okanye ababi kakhulu kwiziphumo zeeklinikhi kunokuba ngabagqirha besilisa okanye abafazi benza. Idatha ye-Sociodemographic kulolu cwaningo yayizimeleyo, kwaye iimpendulo zabathathi-nxaxheba bathatyathwa kumntu okanye kwintombi ... akukho khetho lwentengiso lwenziwa.
Yintoni Ethetha Ngayo Konke Oku?
Okokuqala, makhe ndikuxelele ukuba iziphumo zezifundo zithini. Ezi ziphumo akuthethi ukuba ngokuzayo xa umdala wakho emthandayo uyabhedlele, isibhedlele sesibhambathiso siyabona. Bonke oogqirha bahlukileyo, kwaye kukho ininzi enogqirha yamadoda nabasetyhini apho. Kucelwa ukhumbule ukuba iziphumo zolu cwaningo zibonisa ukuba umbutho phakathi kwesondo sesibhedlele kunye nendlela amalungu esigulane esithile asenza ngayo emva kokuphuma esibhedlele-yile nto.
Olunye uphendlo oluphosakeleyo lweziphumo zolu cwaningo lubandakanya ukwandisa lo mbutho kuzo zonke iintlobo zamayeza. Abaphandi kulolu cwaningo babhekise esibhedlele , okanye esibhedlele, ukunakekelwa okubonelelwe ngabafazi kunye nabasemagunyeni. Nangona ukungafani kokusebenza phakathi kwamagqirha angamadoda nabasetyhini kuye kwaphawulwa kwiindawo zokuhlala zonyango (i-ofisi), akucaci ukuba umbutho phakathi kweziphumo zonyango ezingcono kunye neentlobano zesini zesini somncedisi wezempilo unxulumene naluphi na indlela kwi-gamut yezodwa, kwaye akukho bungqina obuxhasa ezo zixhumanisi. Uphando olungakumbi luya kufuneka ukuba lwenziwe ukuba luvavanye ukuba lo mbutho unyanisekileyo kwisetyenziswe ngaphandle kwesibhedlele.
Ngamanye amazwi, iziphumo zolu phofu akufanele zikhethile ukukhethwa kwiintlobo zezicwangciso zeklinikhi. Akufanele ufunde le nqaku okanye ufunde kwaye uhlale ukhetha umniki-mpahla wezempilo, nokuba ngumgqirha wokunyamekela oyintloko, ugqirha okanye omnye oyingcali, kuba ucinga ukuba uya kunika unonophelo olungcono kunabalingani bakhe besilisa.
Endaweni yoko, iziphumo zolu cwaningo zibiza ngombuzo oqhelekileyo wokucinga ukuba iilwimi zamadoda kunye nabasetyhini kufuneka, ngokuqhelekileyo, zinike inkxaso ngononophelo. Iziphumo zolu cwaningo zibonisa ukuba kunokuthile okukhethekileyo malunga nokunyamekelwa ngababhedlele besibhedlele abaguqulela kwinkonzo engcono. Akucaci ukuba ngaba lo mzekelo okhethiweyo unokufundiswa okanye ukuphinda wachazwe phakathi kwamadoda abo.
Ukususela kwimbono yoluntu, olu phofu luqhubeka lubalaselisa ubungqina bentlonelo yabasebenzi; ukuba nangona ibhinqa lifanele lenze umsebenzi walo ngakumbi kunomntu, mhlawumbi uya kuhlawulwa ngaphantsi. Enyanisweni, oogqirha abesilisa nabasifazana bahlala behlawulelwa imali eninzi, kwaye i-gap yokuhlawula ngesini isenokubangela ukuba ibe yinto eyoyikisayo kunye neyimfuneko, umzekelo, phakathi koomama abangabodwa abanenkinga yokubonelela iintsapho zabo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokubhekiselele kuhlolisiso lwakutshanje oluvela eHarvard, ukungafani kweentlobo zesini se-gap phakathi kwezibhedlele zowesifazane kubonakala ngathi kubonakala ngokugqithiseleyo.
> Imithombo:
> Corbett, C kunye neCall C. Ukuphumelela kwi-Pay Gap . www.aauw.org.
> Jena, AB, Olenski AR, kunye ne-Blumenthal DM. Ulwahlulo lwezesondo kuMgqirha wezeMpilo kwiZikolo zeZikolo zoLuntu zase-US. 2016; 176: 9.
> Umthetho we-Equal Pay we-1963. Ikhomishoni ye-US Equal Employment Commission. https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/statutes/epa.cfm
> Tsugawa, Y, et al. "Ukuthelekiswa kweMpilo yokuSweleka kweZibhedlele kunye nokuBala kweeNgxelo zeMatriki kwizigulane ezithatyathwa yi-Male vs Physicians."