Ibali leMveli yokuPhilisa
Mhlawumbi ukususela ekuqalekeni kwexesha, abantu baye bahlanganyela ngokuphangaleleyo ekuphishekeleni ukuziphucula. Ngako oko, akufanele kumangaliswe ukuba ukuhlinzwa ngeplastiki kungaba yinye yezobugcisa obudala kakhulu bokuphulukisa. Enyanisweni, kukho imibhalo yokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokugada ukulungisa ukulimala kweso ebusweni kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-4 000 edlulileyo.
Ukuhlinzwa Kwiplastiki Kwaqalwa ngeGraf Grafts e-Indiya yakudala
Amagqirha aseIndiya yasendulo ayesebenzisa izixhobo zesikhumba ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokwakhiwa ngokutsha emva kwe-800 BC Kamva, kumazwe aseYurophu, ukuqhutyelwa kweplastiki kwakuqhutywe phambili. Nangona kunjalo, amayeza asempuma athatha ngokulula ukuhlinzwa ngoplastiki, kwaye kukho iziganeko ezininzi ezibhaliweyo zeengxowa zesikhumba kunye nokuhlinzwa ngokutsha kwimbali kuloo nxalenye yehlabathi.
Inkqubela phambili ekusebenzisweni kweplastiki, njengolunye uninzi lwamayeza, ludityaniswe kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, njengoko iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo eNdiya zaziswa kwiNtshona kwaye emva koko zahlengahlengiswa kwaye zatshintshelwe izicelo ezintsha. Nangona kunjalo, kukho inkqubela eyenziwa kwiyeza ngexesha le-Greco-Roman, kwaye loo nkqubela yayibhalwe kwiimibhalo zasendulo ezazisasazwa ngexesha lonke kwimpucuko.
Kwakukho ngeli xesha umlobi wezobugcisa waseRoma u-Aulus Cornelius Celsus wabhala "De Medicina" , eyayibeka iindlela zokurhoxisa indlebe, imilomo kunye neentonga.
Emva kwexesha laseByzantium ekuqaleni, u-Oribasius wakha i-encyclopedia epheleleyo yezokwelapha ethi "iSinagogue Medicae" . Lo msebenzi wemiqulu ka-70 uqulethe iindinyana ezininzi ezilungiselelwe iindlela zokuvuselela ukulungisa iziphene zobuso.
I-Middle Ages & I-Renaissance
Nangona ukuqhutyelwa kobugcisa ngokuqhubekayo kwaqhubeka kulo lonke i-Middle Ages, ukuqhubela phambili okubalulekileyo kwafika ekubongeni ukuxabana nokuwa kweRoma.
Inxalenye enkulu, inzululwazi yanikezela indlela yokwazisa kunye nenkolo. Enyanisweni, ngelinye ixesha ngeli xesha, uPapa Innocent III wachaza ukuba utyando ngaluphi na uhlobo lwaluvunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ngumthetho weCawa.
Ngokona nxalenye, ukufunwa kolwazi lwesayensi kuye kwathatyathwa ngokugxila kwiinkxalabo zomntu kunye nokomoya. Ukongezelela, ukhuseleko lwezigulane ezigqityiweyo luye lwaphazamiseka ngakumbi ngokungabikho kwemigangatho yococeko nococeko. Nangona kunjalo, kukho intuthuko encinci eyenziwe, kuquka ukuphuhliswa kwekhulu le-10 yenkqubo yokulungisa umlomo .
Ngethuba loKuvuselela, kukho intuthuko ebalulekileyo kwenzululwazi kunye nekhnoloji, eyabangela ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa obukhuselekileyo kunye nobunzulu bokusebenza. Incwadi yesiSilayam yekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu enesihloko esithi " Ubuchopho bombuso " yabhalwa nguSerfeddin Sabuncuoglu, kwaye yayiquka into yokuhlinzwa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokuhlinzwa ngetekisi. Kwakhona kwaquka umgaqo-nkqubo wokunyanga kwe- gynecomastia ekholelwa ukuba iyisiseko yendlela yokuhlaselwa kwebele.
Inkqubela ezalwe yiMfazwe
Ngexesha le-17 leminyaka, ukuhlinzwa okwenziwa ngeplastiki kwakunokuphinda kwehla, kodwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo, i-pendulum yayiguqule kwelinye icala.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhubela phambili okulandelayo kwindlela yokuhlinzwa ngoplastiki kwakungafanele kube yile nkulungwane ye-20, xa ukubulawa kweemfazwe kwenza uphando lweplastic plastiki kuyimfuneko kumajoni amaninzi. Enyanisweni, yiMfazwe Yehlabathi I eyayizisa utyando lweplastiki kwinqanaba elitsha ngaphakathi kwelo lonyango.
Amagqirha aseMpi ayefuneka ukuba aphathe amaninzi amaninzi ebusweni nangobunzima obubangelwa zizixhobo zanamhlanje, izinto ezithandwayo ezazingabonakali ngaphambili. Ukulimala kolu bunzima kwakudinga ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zobuthakathaka kwiindlela zokuphanda ngokutsha. Abanye abagqirha abanophezulu baseYurophu bazinikezela ukuba bavuselele amajoni abo ngamazwe ukuba baphuphe ngexesha nangemva kwemfazwe.
Enyanisweni okwangoku ngelo xesha abagqirha baqalisa ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo impembelelo enokuthi umntu angabonakala njani kwizinga lokuphumelela ebomini bakhe. Ngenxa yale ngqiqo, utyando lwe-aesthetic lwaqala ukuthatha indawo yalo njengento ethile ehlonishwayo yobungqina beplastiki.
Le nkqubela yazisa kunye nokuqonda okukhulu kwe-anesthesia kunye nokukhuselwa kwintsholongwane , kuvumela oogqirha ukuba benze iindidi ezahlukileyo zeenkqubo ezinzima. Ezi nkqubo zibandakanya iziganeko zokuqala zonyango ezithembekileyo kuphela "zokuziqhenqa" kwindalo, njenge- rhinoplasty yokuqala kunye neenkqubo zokunyuswa kwebele .
Imbali yePrince Surgery yase-United States
Ngelixa ezininzi zezi ntshukumo zezokwelapha zavela eYurophu, kwakunezinye iindlela zokuqhutyelwa kwimiqathango eyenziwa eU.S., kubandakanywa nokusetyenziswa kwepilate yokuqala ngo-1827, eyenziwa nguDkt John Peter Mettauer esebenzisa izixhobo zokuzicwangcisa zakhe. Nangona kunjalo, bekungekho ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ukuba uphando lweplastiki lwangoku luza kuqatshelwa njengezodwa zonyango.
Ngowe-1907, uDkt. Charles Miller wabhala isicatshulwa sokuqala esabhalwa ngokucokisekileyo, ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukulungiswa kwee-Feato's Imperfections" . Isicatshulwa, ngelixa phambi kwexesha layo ngezinye iimbono, kwakungakhathaliseki ukugxeka kunye nokuchaswa ngokuthi "i-quackery" ngamagqirha amaninzi aqhelekileyo. Ngelishwa, le meko yayixhaphake phakathi koluntu lwezonyango, oye wathanda ukujonga abagqirha bezonyango ngokubanzi, kuquka noDkt. Miller, njengabaqhankqalazi okanye "abagwenxa".
Abanye abagqirha base-United States beli xesha baquka uDkt. Vilray P. Blair, uDkt. William Luckett kunye noDkt. Frederick Strange Kolle. UDkt. Blair wenza okokuqala ukuvuthwa kwe-mandible ngo-1909 kwaye kwanyatheliswa "Ukuhlinzwa kunye neZifo zomlomo kunye nomlenze" ngo-1912, ngoxa uDkt. Luckett wachaza ukulungiswa kweendlebe ezithandayo ngo-1910, kwaye uDkt. Kolle wabhala incwadi yakhe, " Uphando lwePlastiki kunye noBuqhophololo " , omnye unyaka kamva ngo-1911.
Ukubaluleka kweziko leMerika
Elinye iqumrhu eladlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubekeni nasekuphuculweni kokuhlinzwa kweplastiki, kunye nokuhlinzwa ngokubanzi, yayinguJohn Hopkins. Kukho apho uDkt. William Stewart Halsted wadala inkqubo yokuqala yokuqeqesha e-United States. Ngomnyaka we-1904, wanyathelisa "UkuQeqesha koDokotela oPhrotheli" , owabeka isiseko sento eya kuba yinto yokubonisa zonke iinkqubo zokuqeqeshwa zanamhlanje. Ngaloo nto, i-US inokugqiba ibango inqanaba lokugqithisa ukugqithisa ngeYurophu. Kungekudala ngaphambi kokuba i-US iqalise ukudlula lonke ihlabathi, ingakumbi xa ifikelele kwisifundo sobungcali kwiinkalo zonyango.
UJohn Hopkins naye wayesekhaya likaDkt. John Staige Davis, oye wajongwa ngabaninzi ukuba abe ngowokuqala waseMerika ukuba azinikezele ngokusebenza kwakhe kuphela kwi-plastic surgery. Wachitha iminyaka emininzi yobomi bakhe esebenzayo ukuseka ukwahlula okukhethekileyo ngaphakathi kwindlela yokuhlinzwa oplastiki. Ngomnyaka we-1916, wanikela inqaku elimangalisayo kwiNcwadi ye-American Medical Association echaze indima yokuhlinzwa ngoplastiki ngaphakathi kwonyango, kwakhona kugxininisa ukubaluleka kobuchule kwintsimi.
Ama-1940 kunye nama-50
Ngowe-1946, ixesha liye lafika ngokucacileyo ukupapashwa kwincwadi yezenzululwazi ejoliswe ngokukodwa kwiingcali zeplastiki. NgoJulayi waloo nyaka, umxholo wokuqala we- Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery waba yinyani. Ukususela ngoko, iphepha liye laqhubeka likhonza njengeforamu yokusasazwa kolwazi kunye nokufumanisa okubalulekileyo phakathi kwabagqirha beeplastiki kunye noogxa babo bezonyango, zonke ezijoliswe ekuboneleleni ngenzuzo kwizigulane.
Ngokuqinisekiswa kwebhodi kwindawo kunye nokuzalwa kwiphepha lezonyango lonyango, uphando lweplastiki lwahlanganiswa ngokupheleleyo kwiziko lonyango ngo-1950, apho laqala khona ukunyuka kwinto yoluntu. Izibhedlele zaseKorea zivela phambili kwiinkqubo zaseKorea zenzeke ngakumbi ekusebenziseni uphando, kubandakanywa ubuchule bokubambisa ngaphakathi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezijikelezo zokujikeleza ukulungisa ukulimala kwesikhumba kunye nokukhubazeka.
Ukugqithwa kwePlastiki yangoku
Imbali yanamhlanje ye-plastic surgery yaqala ukuqala ukuma kuma-1960s nakwa-1970. Abagqirha beeplastiki babefudukela phambili kwiziko lezonyango, kuquka omnye ugqirha weplastiki owaqeshwa ukuba ngu-Surgeon General ngo-1969, kunye nomnye owawuthola umvuzo weNobel.
Kwakukho neyona nkqubela enkulu yezenzululwazi ngeli xesha. I-Silicone yayisisitya esasandul Ekuqaleni, yayisetyenziselwa ukuphatha ukungapheleli kwesikhumba. Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-1962, uDkt. Thomas Cronin wadala waza wavula isitsha esitsha sokufakelwa kwesisu esenziwe kwi-silicone. Kule minyaka elishumi ezayo okanye kunjalo, izimpembelelo ze-silicone zaphuhliswa ukuba zisetyenziswe kuyo yonke into ebonakalayo yobuso kunye nomzimba.
Ngama-1980, oogqirha beeplastiki kunye nabavoti beplastiki babethetha kakhulu ukuba bathuthukise ulwazi oluntu kunye nokuphucula umgangatho woluntu ophando lweplastiki. Olu konyuka kokubini kunye nomgangatho wolwazi olufumanekayo kubathengi, kunye nokuhluma kwezoqoqosho kuma-1980, kwaqala ukwenza ukuhlinzwa kweplastiki kufinyeleleke kwiMelika.
Ukukhula kuqhubekile kuma-1990s, nangona kukho iingxaki ezibangelwa ukulungiswa kwezempilo, okubangela ukunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ekubuyiselweni kwiinkampani zomshuwalense ukwenzela umsebenzi wokwakha. Amagqirha amaninzi ayanyanzelekile ukuba agxininise ngakumbi kumsebenzi wokuzongcola ukuze ahlale esebenza, kwaye abanye banqume ukuqhubela phambili uphando ngokutsha.
Okumangalisa kukuba, ukuphikisana okukhulayo kwiimpembelelo zebele ze- silicone kwakungabonakali kukuthintela inani elihlala likhula lezigulane ekufuneni iinkqubo zezimonyo. Emva koko, ngo-1998, uMongameli uBill Clinton watyikitya umyalelo osesikweni owawuquka uncedo olunqwenela iinkampani zomshuwalense ukuba zihlawule iindleko zokuhlinzwa ngokutsha kwe-post-mastectomy.
Ukupheka kwePlastiki namhlanje
Kwiminyaka ye-2000, ukuhlinzwa okwenkcenkcesha kuye kwandipha ukuqhuma kwintando, kwaye ukuphuculwa kwezokwelapha kuye kwenza izinto ezinokuthi ziphinde zenzeke ngokukhawuleza zakuba yiphupha yinto enokuba yinto enye. Kulo nyaka woqhagamshelwano olukhawulezileyo, intanethi kunye nomabonwakude bangene kulo mdlalo, kwaye ngoku sinokujonga malunga naluphina uhlobo lwenkqubo yokuhlinzwa yaseplastiki ukusuka kwintuthuzelo yamakhaya ethu.
Okwangoku, indlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni kweplastiki yintlupheko ejoliswe kwiinkqubo ezincinci ezingenakunqwenela ezenzelwe ukukhupha iimpawu ezibonakalayo zokuguga. Enyanisweni, iinkqubo ezithandwa kakhulu ngeli xesha ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinobungozi, ezifana nokuzaliswa kwamanzi ebusweni kwaye, ngokugqithiseleyo, iBotox . Kulinganiselwa ukuba kunezigidi ezili-1.1 zezigulane zebotox ezilawulwa e-US ngonyaka, kwaye elo nani likhula ngokukhawuleza.
Ngaphandle kwezigulane zeplastiki ngokwabo, kukho impikiswano enxulumene nokuziphatha ngokuphathelele ukufika kwe-"Plastic Surgery Reality TV". Umboniso weTV ubizwa ngokuthi "Extreme Makeover" , ngelixa udlalwa, kuye kwaba yinto ephikisanayo. Uninzi kangakanani, kwaye luhlobo luni lwamanani esiwafundisayo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo efana nale?
Ewe, ezinye iindidi eziboniswa ngeingcingo zokuhlinzwa zeplastiki zilandele ezinyathelweni ze- "Extreme Makeover" . Nangona iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nokufaneleka kwazo, akukho nto icinga ukuba abantu bacinga nokuthetha malunga nokuhlinzwa kweplastiki kunanini ngaphambili kwimbali yalo. Sonke sifundwe kangcono njengabasebenzisi malunga neengozi ezinobungozi kunye nemiphumo yokuhlinzwa ngoplastiki , kwaye ukunyaniseka okwakunokuqhotyoshelwe ekutyunjweni kwezonyanyiso kuwela endleleni.
ILizwi
Ngombulelo, ezinye zeziganeko zokusasaza ngeeplastiki zijoliswe kumsebenzi wokuvuselela ngokumangalisayo owenziwa ngabagqirha beplastiki okwenzeni ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi kwabo bangenako ukufikelela kuncedo. Kuya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo ngakumbi kwiingcali zeplastiki ukuba zinike ixesha labo kunye neetalente ezininzi zokwenza utyando olusisiseko kubantwana abaneziphene zokuzalwa ezikhuselekileyo ezihlala kwiindawo ezilahlekileyo zehlabathi. Kwabaninzi bala ma-ogqirha, yindlela yokuhlinzwa yokuziqhenqa evumela ukuba banikeze iinkonzo zabo kuba bantu abatsha abanenhlanhla.
Ezi zibonakaliso ze-altruism ziye zanceda ekuphuculeni imbono yoluntu yokuhlinzwa ngoplastiki kunye nokuqhubela ekhaya ingcamango yokuba ukuhlinzwa ngokutsha kunye nokucocwa kwezilwanyana kunokusebenza ngesandla ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wobomi kwabaninzi. Mhlawumbi le nto ixanduva lokunyuka kokunyuka kwimizuzu yabantu abaneminyaka engama-100 ubudala.
> Imithombo:
> Umbutho waseMerika wezilwanyana zePlastiki.
> IBhodi laseMelika yePilis Surgery.