Imali Eyinkunzi Yokunyanga I-Cancer Treaty
Kwiminyaka emibini, iingcango zedarethi yokurekhoda zavuleka zivulekile, kwaye irejista yashiywa ingalindelekanga ngaphandle kweso sitolo. Ndiyifumkisa ngokubhekiselele kwimihla ngemihla ye-music music piracy eyenzeka malunga ne-millennium. Oku kuqhuma ukukhwabanisa kubangelwa kakhulu kwiNapster, inkonzo yokwabelana ngefayile kunye noontanga (P2P) eyayivumela izigidi ezininzi ukuba zihlanganyele ii-MP3s (iifayile zomculo zedijithali) mahhala.
Ukudalwa nokusabalaliswa kweNapster kwakusisiganeko esiphazamisayo kumboniso wokurekhoda. U-Sean Parker kunye nabanye abasunguli beenkonzo zokwabelana ngefayile kungekudala bangela ukugqithiswa kwemboni yokurekhoda kuba, njengokuba sonke sinokuyiqonda ngoku, ukwabelana ngomculo ogunyazisiweyo okanye ubuqhetseba, ukuba. Ngaphantsi kweminyaka emibini, uNapster wayezikhuphe i-platform share sharing-platform.
Nangona ubugqirha busesengxaki enkulu - i-BitTorrent enye indlela yokwabela ngokukhululekileyo idatha njengengoma kunye namafilimu nabanye - iNapster yayicacile ekusebenziseni kwayo. UNapster watshintsha nendlela esibheke ngayo indlela esinokufumana ngayo umculo, kwaye abantu abaninzi abasebenzisa ivenkile yeTunes baqale bazisa ingcamango yokulanda umculo ngeNapster.
I-Napster inokuhamba kodwa uSean Parker, omnye wabakhi bayo, uyaphila kwaye uyaphila. Ngo-Ephreli 2016, iParker yenze iinqununu zokubeka i-$ 250 yezigidi zokuphanda i-immunotherapy ukuba yabelane ngamaziko emhlaza emithandathu, kuquka iStanford neSikhumbuzo iStell Slotan.
USean Parker: I-Tech Wunderkind kunye noPhilophistist
UNapster wayengekho ukuhluleka; Enyanisweni, kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu, kwaye abaninzi banxamnye nokuba kwakukho ishishini elikhula ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, abantu basebenzisa iPapster ngeendlela ezingekho mthethweni, kungenxa yoko kwakufuneka ivalwe.
Emva kokuphazamiseka kweNapster njengoko saziyo - i-brand yahamba ngeendlela ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba ekugqibeleni ihlaziywe ngo-2011 - IParker inomdla omkhulu kumajelo asekuhlaleni.
Wasekela indawo yezobuntu be-Plaxo, into eyenziwa ngokukhawuleza. Emva koko, ngo-2004, eneminyaka engama-24 ubudala, uParker wenza isenzo esathi samenza iibhiliyoni kwaye washintsha umhlaba: waba ngumongameli we-Facebook.
Njengomongameli we-Facebook, uParker wathatha ukuqala okufutshane kwaye wazisa umhlaba. Wazisa abatyala-mali kwaye wanceda ukuyila indawo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, uMark Zuckerberg unokuza ne-Facebook, kodwa i-Facebook yinto namhlanje ngenxa yeParker.
I-Parker isoloko ibe yinto engummiselo onzima kunye ne-spender enkulu. Ngo-2013, wathatha imali engama-dollar ayi-10 yezigidi zemali emtshatweni kwipropati yangasese e-Big Sur. Kwaye ke kwafuneka ahlawule i-California yase-California i-2.5 million yezigidi zokukwakha indlu, iindawo eziphangaleleyo, iimfesane kunye nomdaniso omkhulu wokudanisa kufuphi nesiphephelo esiphezulu sezilwanyana zasendle.
Ngonyaka ka-2005 ngelixa umongameli we-Facebook, uParker waxhamla kwi-cocaine kwaye wayeseya kuphuma kwinkampani. Ndiyabulela unyaka wakhe-kunye nokubandakanya ne-Facebook, iParker ixabiswa kwi-$ 3.5 billion.
Kwiminyaka emva kokushiya i-Facebook, uParker waphendukela ezininzi kwiinkonzo. NgoJuni 2015, uParker wanikela ngemali eyi-600 yezigidi kwi-Parker Foundation.
Ngokutsho kwiwebsite ye-Parker Foundation:
Isiseko sakha u-Sean wenkxaso-mlando ye-philanthropic inkxaso kwaye ibeka phambili umsebenzi wakhe wobuvulindlela kwimida ye-tekhnoloji, i-media, isakhiwo senkampani kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu. Isekelwe eSan Francisco, isiseko sinomdla wokuphinda utshintshe ngokubanzi utshintsho lwenkqubo kwizinto ezintathu ezijoliswe kuyo: iiSayensi zezeMpilo, iMpilo yoLuntu lweSizwe, kunye nokuzibandakanya koLuntu.
Ngo-Ephreli 2016, i-Parker Foundation yanikela ngemali eyi-250 yezigidi ukusekela i-Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. (Kubonakala ngathi, uParker uthanda ukubiza igama lakhe ngokuzithandela emva kwakhe.)
Yintoni i-Immunotherapy?
Ukukhula emzimbeni wethu kubonakala ngenxa yeendlela ezinzima zokubonakaliswa ezithumela izibonakaliso zemvelo eziveliswa ngabasebenzi bezendalo. Ngokubambisana kunye nezenzo zale nkonzo, abaphandi baye bakwazi ukulwa nomhlaza.
Iimpawu zendalo, njenge-interleukins, i-interferon kunye nezinye iintlobo zee- cytokines , zingenziwa kwibhuyibhile. Ngaphezu koko, ama-synthetic agents, afana nokuveliswa kweempawu zendalo, angaphinda akhiqizwe kwibra.
Ezi zinjalo zendalo kunye nezobumbano zinokulawulwa ukuba zihlaziye kunye nokukhula kweeseli zomhlaza okanye zenze iiseli ezinempilo zivimbele ukukhula kweeseli zomhlaza. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-ejenti ezikhuthaza ukumelana nomzimba kuthiwa yi- immunotherapy .
Imbali emfutshane ye-Immunotherapy
Ingcamango ebalulekileyo ekulawulwa kwe-immunotherapy - ukusebenzisa isistim somzimba sokuxhatshaza umdlavuza-ayikho into entsha. Abantu bacebisa le ngcamango ngendlela ye-19 leminyaka. Ukongeza ngaphezu ko-1890 no-1960, abaphandi abahlukahlukeneyo bazama ukusulela izigulane zomhlaza usebenzisa i-bacteria ukunyanga umhlaza; Iziphumo ezivela kule mizamo zaxutyushwa.
Kwaye kwada kwaba ngama-1980 apho saqala ukufunda kabanzi malunga nesistim somzimba. Ngokukodwa kwiminyaka yee-1980, abaphandi bafumene ama-agent angama-2 e-nature aqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu indlela yokuzivikela ngamajoni omzimba: i-complex histocompatibility complex (MHC) kunye ne-T-cell receptor (TCR). Ezi zinto zifunyenwe ziphefumlele ukubulawa kwezilingo zamachiza ekuqaleni. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphumelela okwenene ekusebenzeni kwe-immunotherapy akuzange kwenzeke de kube siqonda kakuhle umsebenzi weT-cell kunye ne-costimulatory kunye ne-coinhibitor molecules. Nceda ugcine ukhumbule ukuba isistim somzimba sokuzivikela sisinakulungeleka kwaye siphumelele amandla ayo okulwa nezifo, kufuneka siyiqonde kakuhle into eyenzayo.
Iimigaqo ezi-3 ezenza umdlavuza we-Cancer Immunology kunye ne-Immunotherapy
Kukho imigaqo emithathu engundoqo eqondisa ummandla we-immunology nomhlaza kunye nezikhokelo zokufumana imithi yokuzimela.
Inqununu # 1: ukuhlolwa komzimba. Ukuqwalaseliswa kwe-immune kubhekisele kwinkqubo apho i-immune system ihlola kwaye iphelisa iiseli ezitshintshileyo ezitshintshile kwaye aziqhelekanga (cinga ngamaseli omhlaza).
Umgaqo # 2: ukulungiswa komzimba. Ukuhlelwa kwe-immune kubhekisela kwinkqubo apho isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela sisenza ukukhusela iiseli zomhlaza. Oku kukhangela kubangela ukulingana, apho iiseli zesisu zihlala kodwa zihlolwe. Kodwa ezinye iiseli zesisu, kunjalo, ziyakwazi ukusinda kwimiphumo yokhuseleko lomzimba ngenxa yokunciphisa i-immunogenicity okanye ukukwazi ukunqoba iimpendulo zomzimba. Ezi zindala iiseli ziba neekliniki ezibonakalayo zonyango.
Isimiselo # 3: ukunyamezela. Ukungaxhatshazi kakuhle, iintsholongwane zomhlaza ezisinde kwimiphumo ye-immune isebenzisa umzimba womzimba ukuphepha ukutshabalaliswa kwaye uqhubeke ukhula kwaye uhlulwe.
U-Parker uthi uthathe isigqibo sokuba atyalole imali eninzi kwi-immunotherapy yophando kuba i-immunotherapy yonyango kuphela oluye lwaboniswa ukuba lunokubangela ukuxolelwa okuhlala ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwe-immunotherapy luxhaswa ngemali kakhulu-ukufumana kuphela iipesenti ezi-4 zeSizwe seCancercer Institute malunga ne-biliyoni yebhiliyoni yonyaka. Ngaphezu koko, uParker ubonisa ukuba i-R & D kwiinkampani zonyango inomdla kakhulu ekuphandeni uphando olwenza uphando lwe-chemotherapy okanye i-agent ejoliswe ngolu hlobo, ngokugqithiseleyo luhlanganise isidingo seminikelo yokuphanda i-immunotherapy.
Imithombo:
Feng X, Lin X, Yu J, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi F. I-Molecular and Genomic Surgery. Ku: Brunicardi F, Andersen DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. eds. I-Schwartz Iimigaqo zoPhando, 10e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
Goswami S, Allison JP, Sharma P. Immuno-Oncology. Ku: i-Kantarjian HM, i-Wolff RA. eds. Incwadi ye-Anderson ye-Oncology Medical, 3e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016.