Ziziphi izifo? Lo ngumbuzo obulula kubantu abaninzi, ingakumbi abo bahamba kwinqanaba labantwana xa bebantwana. Izifo zonyango liphela nje kwisebe lemithi yezingane, akunjalo?
Oku kunjalo ngokwenene, kodwa oogqirha abaya kwizonyango baye bazi ukuba abantwana abagcini nje ngabantu abadala. Iintsana, abancinci, abantwana abasesikolweni, kunye nabantwana abaselula banesidingo neengqondo ezahlukeneyo kunye neengxaki kunabantu abadala.
Oogqirha bezilwanyana banakekele zonke ezo mfuno zezingane ukusuka ekuzalweni ukuya kwi-21 ubudala.
Imbali yePediatrics
Nangona oogqirha bendabuko beye bahlala bevela kwi-Hippocrates kwiGrisi lasendulo-kwaye mhlawumbi ngaphambi kokuba ucinge ngeendlela zonyango ezingezizo zentshona-i-pediatrics yisebe elitsha elitsha.
Abahlengikazi banamhlanje banengcambu ekwakhekeni koMbutho wezilwanyana waseMerika kunye ne-American Academy yePediatrics. Njengoko ezinye zezonyango zonyango, ukunyuka kwizinto ezikhethekileyo zonyango kubonakala kuguquke emva kokuba uMbutho wezoMnyuzi waseMelika uphakamise ukulungiswa nokulungiswa kwemfundo yezokwelapha ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Iinkokheli zakuqala kwizonyango, ezibizwa ngokuba ngabayihlo bezilwanyana, ziquka iDrks. UAbraham Jacobi, u-Osler, iRotch kunye neFowchheimer.
Enyanisweni, kwingxelo yabo yomgaqo-nkqubo othi "I-Dktatric's Role in Pediatrics," i-American Academy of Pediatrics ibiza uAbraham Jacobi (1830-1919) "umseli wokuqeqeshwa kwezilwanyana." Waza wazalwa kwaye waqeqeshwa eJamani, ekugqibeleni uJacob wafika kwisixeko saseNew York waza waqala ukuqhuba nokufundisa abantwana.
Ukongezelela ekubeni ngummeli okhuselekileyo wokuncelisa, uDkt. Jacobi uxwayise ukuba abafazi abangazange bancelise imfuyo akufanele banike abantwana babo ubisi obomvu obomvu baze bazise umgaqo wokufundisa abafundi.
Izinto ezisekuqaleni kwezokweMpilo
Ezinye zezinto eziphambili ezibalulekileyo ekuphuculweni kwexesha lokuqala kwizonyango ziquka:
- U-Edward Jenner wenza iimvavanyo ezikhokelela kwi- vaccine yokuqala ye- smallpox ngo-1796
- UDkt. Eli Ives wanikela iintetho kubafundi bezonyango kwiYale ngezifo kubantwana kunye nezinye izihloko zonyango phakathi kuka-1813 no-1852
- Iincwadi ezimbini zokuqala kwizonyango zipapashwa ngo-1825, "Ukunyanga kwiZiko leMpilo noLonyango lwaBantwana" nguDkt. William Potts Dewees kunye neNgxelo eSebenzayo kwiZifo zabantwana "nguDkt. George Logan
- UDkt. Elizabeth Blackwell uba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuphumelela kwisikolo sezokwelapha sase-United States ngo-1849 kwaye uyaqhubeka nokufunda kwizibhedlele zezingane zaseLondon, eScotland naseParis, ebuyela ekuncedeni ukuqala iNew York Infirmary yabaseTyhini nabantwana.
- Isibhedlele Sezingane SaseFiladelphia sisungulwa ngo-1854 kwaye siba esibhedlele sabantwana baseMelika
- Ikholeji yaseNew York yonyango iqala u-professorship ngezifo zabantwana ngo-1860
- ULouis Pasteur ucela ukunyanzelisa ngo-1862, ekugqitywa emva koko ukugcina ubisi lukhuselekile nguFranz von Soxhlet ngo-1886
- UDkt. Abraham Jacobi unceda uqale "i-American Journal ye-Obstetrics kunye nezifo zabasetyhini nabantwana" ngo-1868
- Ngo-1872, uDkt. Mary Putnam Jacobi waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuba abe ilungu le-Academy of Medicine. Wabuye wavula ididi yabantwana kwi-New York Infirmary ngo-1886.
- UDkt. Frederick Forchheimer nguye ugqirha ophezulu xa iKhaya labantwana abagulayo eCincinnati, eOhio, livula ngo-1883-isibhedlele sabantwana bokuqala eMidwest
- Umqulu wokuqala we-Archives of Pediatrics ushicilelwe ngo-1884
- I-American Pediatric Society yasungulwa ngo-1888, nguDkt. Job Lewis Smith, kunye noDkt. Abraham Jacobi njengomongameli wokuqala, oza kuba ngumongameli we-AMA
- UDkt. Thomas Morgan Rotch utyunjwa u-profesa we-United States wokuqala wezilwanyana kwi-Harvard Medical School ngo-1893
- UDkt. Dorothy Reed Mendenhall wayengowokuqala ukuqonda ukuba isifo sikaHodgkin sisisifo segazi kwaye asikho uhlobo lwesifo sofuba ngo-1901. Kamva wenza i-internship kwizonyango kwaye wenza uphando ngemicimbi yezempilo yabantwana kwiBhodi yabantwana eWashington DC, kuquka ukuphuhliswa kokukhula kwemigangatho nemigangatho yokuphuhliswa kwabantwana.
- "I-American Journal of Diseases in Children," eyapapashwa yi-AMA kwaye ngoku ibizwa ngokuba yi "Archives of Pediatrics and Medicine Adolescent," iqala ukupapasha ngoJanuwari 1911
- Izifo zesifo se-polio ziqala ukuvela e-United States ngo-1916
- USir Edward Mellanby, ugqirha eLondon, ufumanisa ukuba ioli yesibindi se-food iyakwazi ukuphatha ama-rickets
- UDkt. Emily Partridge Bacon waba ngunyango wokuqala wezonyango e-Philadelphia (1918). Phakathi kwezinto ezenziweyo ezazisungula kwakuyiklinikhi "yintsana".
- UDkt. Jessie Boyd Scriver wayengomnye wabafazi bokuqala ukufundisisa nokuphumelela kwiYunivesithi yaseMcGill eMontreal, eCanada. Waba ngumongameli weCanada yasePanada yaseMatriki ngo-1952 kwaye yayiyimpembelelo enkulu kwi-neonatologists eCanada.
- Ukugonya kwe-diphtheria kwaqaliswa ngo-1923, ngokukhawuleza kulandelwa i-pertussis ( ukukhupha umkhuhlane ) ngo-1926
- UDkt. JP Crozier uqala ukupapasha incwadi yakhe yezilwanyana "Isifo Sezinsana Nezingane," ekugqibeleni sibe yincwadi yeNelson's Pediatrics eqhubeka isetyenziswa namhlanje
- U-Alexander Fleming ufumanisa i-penicillin ngowe-1928, nangona i-1940s ne-50s ayifumanekanga ukuba i-penicillin isetyenziswe ngokubanzi njenge-antibiotic
- I-American Academy ye-Pediatrics yenziwa ngoJuni 23, ngo-1930, iqela labantwana abangama-35 eDetroit, eMichigan
- I-American Board yePediatrics, ibhodi yokuqinisekisa ye-American Board yezoNyango zezoNyango, isekwe ngo-1933
- Iziganeko zeerketi ziqala ukuncipha njengoko ubisi luqala ukuqiniswa nge-vitamin D ngo-1933
- Uphando lupapashwe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-benzedrine (uhlobo lwe-amphetamine) kubantwana abaneengxaki zokuziphatha ngo-1937 nguDkt Charles Bradley
- UDkt. Dorothy Hansine Andersen wayengumgulane kwaye ngo-1938, waba ngumntu wokuqala ukuqonda ukuba i-cystic fibrosis yayisifo. Kwakhona wancedisa ukudala iimvavanyo zokuqala ukukunceda ukuxilonga iCF.
- UHattie Elizabeth Alexander, MD wayengumntwana wezilwanyana kunye ne-microbiologist kwiSibhedlele seBabies (ngoku i-NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital yaseStanley Children's Hospital) oye wavelisa unyango lwe-Hib meningitis kwiminyaka ye-1940 eyasebenza ngakumbi kunezonyango zangaphambili. Kwakhona wachaza ukuchasana kwama-antibiotic eHaemophilus influenzae bhakteria, enye ibalulekileyo ngexesha.
- UDr. William E. Ladd noRobert E. Gross (owenza i-PDA ligation iminyaka emithathu ngaphambili) ashicilele incwadi yokuqala yokuhlinzwa yabantwana ngo-1941, "Ubuchopho Bomzimba Bokuzalwa Kwesana Nomntwana"
- UDkt. Norman M. Gregg uxela nge-ruben syndrome ye-congenital syndrome ngo-1941
- UDkt. Helen Taussig kunye noDkt. Alfred Blalock basebenzela ukuphuculwa unyango olunyanzelisayo lweintsana kunye neTetralogy of Fallot ngo-1943
- UDkt. RL Jackson noNksk HG Kelly bayashicilela i-charts yokukhula yabantwana ngokubanzi ngo-1944
- Inkqubo yokuqala ye-"Baby and Child Care" ishicilelwa nguDkt. Benjamin Spock ngowe-1946
- Inkqubo yokuhlala yasekhaya yaseMaspala yaseBoston ngoNovemba 1946, nangona abantwana bebehlala bekhonza kwi-Army neNavy Medical Corps, kuquka nabantwana abangaphezu kwama-900 kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II
- C. Everett Koop, MD uba ngugqirha oyintloko kwi-Children's Hospital yaseFiladelphia malunga ne-1947
- UMarta May Eliot, MD uba ngowokuqala ukhetho ukuba abe ngumongameli we-American Public Health Association kwaye waziwa ngokuba "omnye wabachaphazelekayo bezilwanyana ukuba babe nezikhundla zamagunya karhulumente e-United States ngexesha lomsebenzi ode kwaye owaziwayo."
- Umcimbi wokuqala we-Pediatrics, iphephandaba le-American Academy of Pediatrics lishicilelwe ngo-1948
- Ucwaningo ngo-1948 lubonise ukuba kuphela i-58% yabantwana abasandul 'ukuphuma esibhedlele ngaphambi kokuba babe neentsuku ezili-8 ubudala kwaye i-35% yayisondelene kakuhle, i-27% yondla evela kubini kunye nebhotile kwaye i-38% kuphela yayisondelene
- UMargaret Morgan Lawrence, MD wayengumntwana weengqondo kunye nabafazi bokuqala base-Afrika base-Afrika ukuba baqinisekiswe yi-American Board of Pediatrics kunye ne-African American yokuqala yokugqiba indawo yokuhlala kwiNew York Psychiatric Institute (1948).
- UDkt. Roland B. Scott, owayengusihlalo wezilwanyana kwiYunivesithi yaseCoward ukususela ngo-1949 ukuya ku-1973 waza waba ngumntu wokuqala wase-Afrika waseMerika we-American Pediatric Society ngo-1952, mhlawumbi ungumntwana wokuqala wezilwanyana wase-US
- Ngo-1949, uDkt. Edith M. Lincoln, owayeyintloko yeklinikhi yesifuba sabantwana e-Bellevue Hospital Centre kwisixeko saseNew York ukususela ngo-1922, waphatha ngempumelelo abantwana abane-meningitis ene-tuberculosis ene-tubercculosis, eyayibhubha ngaleso sikhathi.
- IHarriet Lane Handbook ipapashwe ngokutsha ngo-1950, kwaye ixesha elide liba yintetho yezabelo zabantwana
- Ngo-1951, uDkt. Natalia Tanner waba ngumntu wokuqala wase-Afrika waseMelika wase-American Academy of Pediatrics kwaye "wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ukufikelela kwezilwelwazi ezingapheliyo kwiinkonzo zempilo kunye nokufikelela kwamagqirha amancinci kumaziko eyeza lonyango."
Iziganeko zanamhlanje kwi-Pediatrics
Ukongeza kwizinto eziphambili kumathambo, ezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ziquka:
- UDkt. Virginia Apgar, i-anesthesiologist, uvula i- Apgar Score ngo-1952, esetyenziselwa ukuvavanya impendulo yomntwana ekuvuseleleni emva kokuzalwa kwabo
- UCatherine Dodd, MD waba ngowokuqala ukusilela iSebe lezonyango kwisikolo sezokwelapha sase-United States ngo-1952-iYunivesithi yase-Arkansas Medical Centre.
- UDkt. Edward Press noLouis Gdalman, i-pharmist e-Chicago, baqale isiko lokulawula utyhefu ngo-1953, ngokugqithiseleyo kubangelwa ngumsebenzi kaGeorge M. Wheatley, MD kunye nomsebenzi wakhe ekukhuselekeni kwabantwana kunye nobungozi bamathunyi
- UJonas Salk ukhulisa isitofu sakhe sokugonywa ngo-1952, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukunceda ukuphelisa i-polio e-US kude kubekho ukukhutshwa komlomo we-polio ngokugunyazwa ngu-Albert Sabin ngo-1962
- Abantwana abangama-56 bahlakulela i-polio ngo-1956 ukusuka kwiimpawu zokugonywa kwepholio kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yiNgqungquthela
- Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-1956 lwasana olusandula kubhedlele esibhedlele (ngokuqhelekileyo kwiintsuku ezi-4 okanye ezi-5 zobomi) ngoku kukhombisa ukuba ama-63% ayenobumba, kwaye i-16% yondla evela kubini kunye nebhotile kwaye i-21% kuphela yayisondelene
- ILano Leche League isekwe ngo-1956 ukukhuthaza ukuncelisa nokunyusa umgangatho wokunyusa ukunyuka kwebhotile
- UDkt. Ethel Collins Dunham ushicilele iMigangatho kunye neNcomelo zoNcedo lweZibhedlele zeintsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa, iXesha elipheleleyo, kunye neNkqantosi ngo-1936 kwaye ngowe-1957 wamukelwa nguJohn Howland Medal kwi-American Pediatric Society.
- UFrances Kelsy, uF.D. vimbela ukuthengiswa kwe-thalidomide e-US ngelixa besebenza kwi-FDA ngo-1960, isilwanyana esasandul 'ukukhawuleza ekudibaniswe neziphoso zokuzalwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40 aye avumile iipilisi zokulala ezazinikwa kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo.
- I- formula yebhanki yezoshishino iqala ukuthengiswa ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kwaye iquka uLactum, iSimilac, i-Enfamil, kunye ne-SMA, ekhuphisana ne-baby formula yokwenza (ubisi olukhuphukileyo kunye namanzi kunye noshukela olongezelelweyo, njengoDextri-Maltose) nokuncelisa
- UDkt. C. Henry Kempe ushicilela iphepha lokuqala malunga nokuxhaphazwa kwabantwana, "i-Battered Child Syndrome," ngo-1962, inceda ekudaleni iinkqubo ukunceda ukukhusela nokuphatha kakubi abantwana
- Iziphakamiso zenziwe ukuze kubekho ukuphulukiswa kwamanzi okusela asezidolophini phakathi kwe-0.7 ukuya kwi-1.2 ppm ngo-1962
- UDkt. Robert Guthrie uhlalutya uvavanyo lweGuthrie ukukhusela iintsana ze-phenylketonuria ( PKU ) ngo-1963
- UDkt. Dilip Mahalanabis udala iipakethi zakhe zesisombululo sokuvuselela ngomlomo (ORT) ukunyanga izigulana ezinehudo kunye nokudambisa amanzi eCalcutta, e-India ngo-1966
- UDkt. Forrest Bird uvakalisa iNduna yeNyoni ngo-1970, i-air-generated air fan yokuqala, eyenziwe yindleko ephantsi, emva kokuqulunqa ezinye zezixhobo zomoya zokuqala eziphathekayo kuma-1950s nakuma-60.
- Ukuhlaselwa kwe-Nestle kuqalwe ngo-1977 ukukhusela iinkampani zokukhuthazwa kwefomula yomntwana kumazwe asathuthuka, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni amazinga okuncelisa kunye nokunyuka kwabantwana, ikakhulu ngenxa yokungabi namanzi okusela ahlambulukileyo kula mazwe
- IKhomishini yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yabathengi ibangela ukupenda kwizindlu ngo-1978
- I-Autism ibonwa njengengxaki eyahlukileyo kwi-DSM-III ngo-1980, nangona iimpawu ze-autism kunye neempawu zachazwa ngowe-1911
- Kwakukho iziganeko eziyi-8 000 ukuya ku-10 000 ze-Hib meningitis e-US ngamnye ngonyaka ekuqaleni kwee-1980, ezikhokelela ekufeni kwabantwana abangama-240 ukuya ku-770, kunye neziganeko ezongezelelweyo ezingama-6,000 zezinye izifo ezinzulu ezibangelwa zizibhakede ze-Hib, kuquka i-epiglottitis, i-pneumonia, i-cellulitis, kunye ne-bacterium
- IShedyuli yokugonywa kwabantwana ekunconywe ngo-1983 ifake iigciwane ezine (DTP, OPV, MMR, Td)
- Ukugonya kwe-Hib kunconywa kubo bonke abantwana abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kwezi-59 ubudala abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kwezi-59 ngo-1988 kwaye kamva bakhuliswa kuzo zonke iintsana eziqala kwiinyanga ezimbini ngo-1990
- Umva wokuphula umkhankaso unceda ukunciphisa kakhulu ingozi ye-SIDS.
- Nangona yaqala ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza ekuqaleni ngo-1973, bekude kube ngo-1996 ukuba ukuthengiswa kwephesolli ekhokeleyo kuvalwe ngokupheleleyo eMelika
- Ngo-1986, uDkt. Mayilyn Hughes uGaston upapasha uphando lwamazwe lonke lubonakalise ukuphumelela kwepenicillin ukukhusela iintsholongwane kubantwana abanesifo sengqungquthela segulane, esibonisa ukuba zonke iintsana kufuneka zihlolwe isifo segulane.
- Ngama-1997, inani leengxelo ezibangelwa i-Hib ezingenayo ziye zancipha i-99%
- Amaqela amaninzi aqala ukwandisa iinkqubo zokuhlola iintsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa ukuze zikhusele iimeko ezingama-25 ukuya kuma-40 okanye ngaphezulu ko-2004, ukuphendula uxinzelelo lukawonkewonke ukuba lusetyenzise iteknoloji yesininzi ye-spectrometry eyayisusela ngo-1996
- I-CDC ikhupha isifundo ngo-2007 echaza iingxelo ze- autism kwizinga eli-1 kwabantwana abayi-150
- I-World Health Organisation ichaza ukuqala kobhubhane lwe- H1N1 ka-2009 ngo-Juni 11, 2009
- I-Cerarix, isitofu sokukhusela i-HPV, ivunyiwe ngo-2009, kwaye ijoyine i-Gardasil (enye i-vaccine ye-HPV) kwishedyuli yokugonya ukukhusela abantwana kwiinkalo ezikhulayo ezikhuselweyo, kuquka ne-inkukupox (Varivax), izifo ze-pneumococcal (Prevnar 13) , i-rotavirus (i-Rotateq ne-Rotarix), izifo ze-meningococcal (i-Menactra), kunye ne-hepatitis A, apho iigcino zivunyelwe ukususela ekubeni isigxina se-hepatitis B songezwe kwishedyuli yokugonywa ngo-1994.
- Izigulane zentsholongwane e-Quadrivalent ziyafumaneka kwixesha lomkhuhlane we-2013-14. Ezi zikhetho ezintsha zokugonya umkhuhlane zikhusela kwiintlobo ezine zomkhuhlane.
- I-HPV 9 yavunywa ngo-2014.
- Iigcino zamadoda amabini B zavunywa ngo-2014.
Ukuba ngumntwana wezingane
Emva kwekholeji, abafundi abanomdla wokuba ngunyango wezingane bathathe i-MCAT baze baye kwiziko lezonyango ze-allopathic ezingama-125 okanye izikolo ezingama-20 ze-osteopathic ukuba zibe ngugqirha kuqala.
Emva kweminyaka emine yesikolo sezonyango, iminyaka emithathu yokuhlala kwezilwanyana iya kukulungiselela ukuba ube ngumsebenzi kwizonyango jikelele.
Iingcali zezilwanyana
Ukongezelela kwintsapho jikelele, abantwana bezempilo banokukhetha ukuzodwa kwiinkalo ezininzi, kubandakanywa:
- Usulelo lweNtsholongwane
- Gastroenterology
- Cardiology yezilwanyana
- I-Hematology-Oncology
- Uhlukunyezo lwabantwana
- Izifo ezithathelwanayo
- Uncedo lwezeMpilo oluPhambili lweMpilo
- Imithi ye-Neonatal-Perinatal
- Uphuhliso lwezonyango
- I-Nephrology yezilwanyana
- Uncedo lweMpilo oluPhezulu lweMpilo
- Pulmonology yezilwanyana
- Endocrinology yabantwana
- I-Rheumatology yezilwanyana
Ezinye iingcali zonyango, njengengcali yezilwanyana, i-radiologist yezilwanyana, okanye i-neurologist yezilwanyana, njl., Akunjalo ngabadokotela bezilwanyana, nangona kunjalo, baqeqeshelwa emasimini abo, kwaye ke ukuqeqeshwa kwezilwanyana ezongezelelweyo.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Academy ye-Pediatrics Policy Statement. Umsebenzi weZigqirha zezilwanyana kwi-Pediatrics yoluntu. Izifo zengqondo Vol. 115 No. 4 uEpreli 2005, iphe. 1092-1094.
> I-American Academy yePediatrics. IiMediatrics zaseMelika: Izinto eziphambili kwi-Millennium. IKomiti yeeNgcaciso zeeNgxelo. Izifo zonyango 2001; 107; 1482-1491
> CDC. Iindlela ezikhoyo ngokuthintela ukukhusela iiNkundla eziPhezulu zeHaemophilus influenzae > Thayipha iB izifo >. MMWR. Disemba 24, 1982/31 (50); 672-674,679-680.
> UCharles W. Callahan. Imbali ye-Pediatrics yezempi: Iminyaka engama-50 yoQeqesho kunye nokuThumela iiNzululwazi zezilwanyana ezingafanelanga. Izifo zengqondo Vol. 103 No. 6 Juni 1999, iphe. 1298-1303.
> Edmund C. Burke. UAbraham Jacobi, MD: Umntu kunye nelifa lakhe. IiPediatrics, Feb 1998; 101: 309 - 312.
> Herman F. Meyer. UKUHLAWULWA KWEMIBUZO E-UNITED STATES: UKUPHATHA KWE-EXTENT KUNYE NOKUPHATHWA KWEZINTO: I-Survey ye-1,904 Izibhedlele ezineziBini ezimbini ne-Quarter Births in 1956. Izifo ze-Pediatrics, Julayi 1958; 22: 116 - 121.
> Katherine Bain. Isiganeko sokuNceliswa kwesisu kwiZibhedlele e-United States. Iipediatrics, Septemba 1948; 2: 313 - 320.
> URobert C. Brownlee, MD. Yembali yeMbali. I-American Board yePediatrics: Umvelaphi wayo kunye neMbali yakuqala. Izifo zengqondo, ngoNovemba 1994; 94: 732 - 735.
> Abasetyhini kwiZonyango lwezeMpilo kunye nePediatrics: Iimpembelelo zembali. Izifo zengqondo, ngoMatshi 1983; 71: 681 - 687