Igunya elinamandla kwiLizwe le-Autism
U-Andrew Wakefield ungomnye wabantu abaphikisana kakhulu kwihlabathi le-autism. Uphando lwakhe kumbuzo wokuba isitofu sokugonywa kwe- Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) singabangela imbandezelo ye-autism yenze i-rime enkulu kumphakathi we-autism. Nangona ukuba iphepha lakhe lophando elichaphazelekayo kulo mbandela lichithwe yiphephandaba laseBrithani leLancet, iWakefield kunye neengcamango zakhe zihlala zingamandla amakhulu kwihlabathi le-autism.
UDkt. Wakefield ungumgogorenterologist wezemfundo kunye nodokotela ogqirha onomdla okhethekileyo kwizifo ezivuthayo. Wazalelwa eBrithani ngo-1957, wafundiswa eCanada waza waba ngudokotela kwi-Royal Free Hospital eLondon.
Ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe, uWakefield wenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwihlabathi lezonyango xa efumene ukuba imbangela yesifo sikaCrohn, isifo esiyinhloko esisisu, sasinciphisa ukuphuma kwegazi emathunjini. Kungekudala emva kokufumanisa oku, uWakefield waqala ukumba kumbuzo wokuba ingumgulo wegciwane le-measles kwi-Mumps-Measles-Rubella vaccine eyayibangela ukukhutshwa kwegazi nokukhokelela ku-Crohn's. Ngelixa impendulo yalo mbuzo "ayikho," inokwenzeka ukuba isifo segciwane lesingqungquthela njengesigxina kwimicimbi ye-GI yaqhubela phambili kumdla.
Ngowe-1995, uWakefield wadibana neqela labazali ababemxelele ukuba abantwana babo bebe-autistic emva kokugonya kwe-MMR.
Bamcela ukuba abone ukuxhamla, kwaye wayezimisele ukwenza njalo. Ingcamango yakhe: ukuba isifo sokugonywa kwemasisi sasibangele ukuvuvukala emathunjini abo, abantwana bangahlakulela "i-leaky gut syndrome," okwenza ukuba iiprotheni zingozi zenze indlela yazo yengqondo. Ukuba oko kwenzeka, wachaza, i-autism yabantwana ibangelwa yi-MMR.
Ngo-1998, uWakefield kunye neqela labalingane bashicilela uphando oluphandle iimpawu zezilonda ezinobungqingili kwi-12 ye-autistic abantwana ukuya kwi-Mumps-Measles-Rubella vaccine. Lelo cwaningo, eshicilelwe kwiphephancwadi elidumileyo laseBrithani leLancet, liqalise inxaxheba enkulu yokulwa nokugonya e-UK, eUnited States nakwihlabathi jikelele.
Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, intatheli uBrian Deer waseLondon iSunday Times waqalisa ukuphanda iWakefield waza wafumana ubungqina benkqubela nemibandela yokuziphatha kakubi. Kungekudala emva kokuba uDeer abike ngeziphumo zakhe, abalishumi ababhali be-Wakefield abango-13 balahla izigqibo zesifundo. NgoFebruwari 2010, iLancet yatshitshisa ngokusemthethweni ukukhutshwa kwinqaku ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngokwemigaqo. Oku kulandele inkqubo eninzi yokuphenywa yi-UK General Medical Council.
Ngona uphando lwe-MMR lokuqala / u-autism luye lwachazwa kwaye aluze luphindwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, luhlala lusisigxina sentshukumo eqhubela phambili ekubhekiselele kwiigciwane njengesizathu esibangela ukunyuka okukhulu kwe-autism. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa izigidi zeedola ukuba zixwayise abazali ukuba kungenzeka ukuba i-autism ibangelwa zizigulane, kunye nokwakha "ukunyanga okuluhlaza" kwi-US nase-UK.
UWakefield, okwangoku usebenza kwiFlorida naseTexas, umele umsebenzi wakhe kwaye ugxininisa ukuba uphando lwakhe lwenziwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kuzo zonke izithintelo zokulwa nokugonya kwintlalo ye-autism, uWakefield ngokwakhe akenzi ibango elipheleleyo lokuba ukugonya kwe-MMR kubangelwa yi-autism. Enyanisweni, kwi-Akefield yase-Texas ethi "Indawo yokuCinga," i-FAQ iyabuza: Ngaba ngabaphandi beeNdlu eziPhezulu bafumene naluphi na unxibelelwano phakathi kokugonya kwe-MMR kunye ne-autism? Impendulo: Ayikho nxu lumene, kodwa uphando malunga noxhumo olunokwenzeka luqhubekayo.
Imithombo
BBC News. Iprofayile: Dr Andrew Wakefield.
UAmanda Gardner. Isifundo se-Autism esifundekayo senziwa nguNyango wezoNyango. HealthDay. Feb 2, 2010.
Paul Offit, MD. Abaprofeti Bobuxoki Base-Autism: Inzululwazi Engalungile, Amachiza AseMngciphekweni, kunye Nokufuna Ukunyangwa. I-University University Press: eNew York C ngo-2008.
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