Yintoni i-MMR?
I-MMR, emele iminyango / imasel / i-rubella, yenye yezinto ezininzi zokugonya ezigulana ne-viral (inkukhu yokugonywa kwenkukhu kunye nokugonywa komkhuhlane wamanzi). Kuhlala kunikwa iinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-15 ubudala, eli lixesha apho i-autism iqala ukubonakala. Ngokungafani nomgudu wokugonya umkhuhlane kunye nezinye izigonyo zokugonywa kwabantwana, ukugonywa kwamagundane / isisisi / ugonywa yi-rubella alunayo kwaye ayinalo i-thimerosal (i-preservative).
Umjovo we-MMR wawube njani uxabana kangaka?
Inkxalabo malunga ne-MMR yaqala ngo-1992 xa uDkt. Andrew Wakefield, ngelo xesha i-gastroenterologist yaseBrithani evunyelweyo, yavavanya abatsha abali-12 kunye nabangenayo i-autism. Ngokweengxelo esekelwe kweso sifundo, iziphumo zifumanise ukuxhamla okunokwenzeka phakathi kwegciwane lesirafu kwi-gut kunye ne-autism. Iingcamango ezazivezwa kukuba abantwana abathile banezinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo kwiimpawu zokuzivikela-kunye nokuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeengxube zendalo ziqala ukuhlasela isistim somzimba somntwana ekuqaleni, oko kubangela ukubonakala kwe-autism.
Abaphengululi baseWasfield base-Texas base-Based based House ebizwa ngokuba yi-House House bathi, "Umntwana uhlalisa umthamo ophazamisayo, umonakalo wesisu ukhula ngakumbi, isistim somzimba sakhula, kwaye ukuphendulwa komzimba kuqalise." Emva koko abantwana abaninzi bafumana isiganeko esiyingozi. isifo esibalulekileyo okanye igciwane lokuphila lokugonywa kwegciwane.
Amasosha omzimba athatyathwa kwaye umntwana uhlawule ngokukhawuleza. Abanye abazali babika ukungonakaliswa ngokuthe gqolo, kodwa abantwana abaninzi babonakala bekhula nge-autism emva kwesiganeko esithile. Baya esibhedlele okanye bafumana iphetshana le-MMR kwaye abazange baphinde bafana. I-Autism yisiphumo sokuphela kwesi sihloko sophuhliso. "
Ezi zibango azixhaswanga naliphi na ezinye izifundo ezibandakanya abo bazama ukungaphumeleli ukuba baphinde baphendule iziphumo zakhe. Izifundo ezininzi ezihloliswe ngontanga zibonakalisa akukho nxu lumano phakathi kwe-MMR kunye ne-autism. Enyanisweni, ukufundiswa kwangaphambili kukaDkt. Wakefield kwakucatshulwa ngokupheleleyo. Abalishumi abalishumi abalishumi abali-12 bawayeka inkxaso yabo kwinqaku.
I-CDC, amaziko amayeza, kunye namanye amaziko amakhulu ophando abhekisele kulo mbandela kwaye yafumanisa ukuba kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokungabikho nxu lumano phakathi kwe-MMR yokugonywa kunye ne-autism kwaye akukho bukho bungqina obuqinisekileyo bokuthi unxibelelwano lwalukho . Ezinye iingcaphephe zicebise, nangona kunjalo, ukuba abantwana abane-autistic baneengxaki ezininzi zesisu. Ukongezelela, uphando oluthile luchaza ukuba uhlobo oluthile lokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neengxaki zendalo zingabangela i-autism. Ezi zifundo, nangona kunjalo, azibonisanga ikhonkco lekhonkco phakathi kwe-MMR kunye ne-autism-kwaye, okwangoku, iinjongo ezininzi zehlabathi jikelele azifumananga nxu lumaniso.
Ngo-2010, uWakefield washiya i-House House, kwaye inhlangano yaguqula igama layo kwi-Johnson Centre ye-Health Health and Development. Oku kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba uWakefield uhlulwe ilayisenisi yakhe yezobisi yase-UK yokuphulwa komthetho.
Zonke ezi ziganeko, izifundo, kunye nezipapasho, nangona kunjalo, azizange ziphelise inkolelo yokuba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kweigciwane kunye ne-autism . Kwaye ukuqubuka kwemasisi kumabini e-UK nakwi-US ngenxa yezigonti zokugodla akuzange kutshintshe iingqondo ezithile. Kukho iingcebiso ukuba uphando oluqhutywe yi-arhente karhulumente luye lwaphutha okanye ubungqina bume bengazange bubekwe ebantwini. Abanye abaphikisi be-MMR bathi abatshitshi abasebenzela i-NIH ne-CDC bavela kwaye babuyela kumafemu amakhulu okuxuba imithi-kwaye zona kunye namafemu abo banomthwalo omkhulu emngciphekweni.
Ukholo oluqhubekayo kwi-autism / uxhulumano lwe-MMR lukhuthazwe ngabadumi bezohlukeneyo-ezikhokelwa nguJenny McCarthy - kunye nemibutho eyakhiwe ngefa likaWakefield.
Nangona le mibutho ihlala ikhona, isebenze kakhulu kunokuba ibuyele ngaphaya kwe-2000. Okuthakazelisayo, nangona kunjalo, isizathu sabo sithatyathwe ngabantu abathile abafundele kakuhle, abakwenzayo kakuhle kunye namaqela ukuba "indawo ecocekileyo" (imichiza ekhululekile) imele ikholwe ukuba ithikithi kwimpilo enhle ngokwabo kunye nabantwana babo.
Umxholo:
Nangona uphando oluqhubekayo kunye neengcamango ezikhulayo, incinci iyaqondwa ngokucacileyo malunga nesizathu okanye imbangela ye-autism. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemiba yendalo kunye nemvelo ebonakalayo ingabamba indima ebalulekileyo kwi-autism. Kodwa ubunzima obunzima bobugcisa, nangona kunjalo, usixelela ukuba izitofu ezifana ne-MMR azibangeli i-autism.
Imithombo:
> Izitofu kunye > I-Autism: A > Isishwankathelo se-CDC eqhutywe okanye efundisiweyo.
> Andrew Wakefield, uYise weNtshukumo yokuHlalwa kweNtsholongwane, Uphendule kwiNgqungquthela yokuHlaba kweeMvavanyo zangoku kwixesha lokuQala. Newsweek, ngoFebhuwari 10, 2015.
> I-imeyili Ingxoxo kunye nabaSebenzi boPhando beNdlebe, ngo-2009.
> ISayensi Yemihla ngemihla: "Ixesha le > Autism: Pox > Iimpawu 1-4".
> "Ukukhubazeka Okubulalayo" kwiRolling Stone Magazine, ngoJuni 20, 2005. F. DeStefano I- Thimerosal-Iqukethe i-Vaccines: Ubungqina Ngokungahambisani Nokuziqonda Konke. Ingcali ye-Opin Drug Saf. 2009 uJan; 8 (1): 1-4.
> H Honda et al. Akukho mpembelelo ye-MMR Ukurhoxiswa kwiNkcazo ye-Autism: iSifundo soLuntu sonke. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005 Juni; 46 (6): 572-9.