Ngaba uyazibuza ukuba yintoni i-pulmonologist? Kuthiwani nge-oncologist?
Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zamagqirha zenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeyeza. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ugqirha weentsapho aluqeqeshiwe ukwenza ukutshintsha kwentliziyo. Nangona kunjalo, yiyiphi enye intlobo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamagqirha abazenzayo, kwaye ziziphi iimeko eziqhele ukuzenza?
Makhe sijonge kwiimfuno ezihlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezizodwa. Okokuqala siza kuqalisa ngamehlo oogqirha abanobuchule bokunyamekela okuphambili kwaye siza kujonga kwezinye iindawo.
Uninzi lwolu lwazi luvela kwiiwebhusayithi zamawebhusayithi ezimela aba ogqirha. Xa ubulumko, iinqononongo ziya kunikwa ukuze ufunde kabanzi malunga nale mihlaba.
Injongo yale nqaku ayikubonelela ngeenkonzo ezipheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, eli nqaku kufuneka likunikwe amandla njengesigulane kwaye kukuncedise ukuba unqande kwi-jargon ephakamisa iyeza. Ngokuqonda oko ezinye zeengcali eziqhelekileyo kunye nabaphathi be-subspecialists benza, unokuqonda ngokucacileyo inkathalo oyifumayo kunye nemisebenzi kunye noxanduva lwagqirha onika unyango.
Ugqirha wezoNyango
Ugqirha wokunakekelwa ngokusisiseko yinjongo yokuqhagamshelana kokuqala.Leli qela lezodwa ziquka iyeza zentsapho, unyango lwangaphakathi, kunye neyeza. Amagqirha ekhathalelo aseprayimari ayiphatha izigulane "ezikhathazekileyo zempilo" kwaye kufuneka zixilonge izigulane ezisekelwe kwiimpawu, iimpawu kunye nembali yeklinikhi.
Ubungakanani bonyango lokuqala lonyango lubanzi kwaye luquka nayiphi na inkqubo yesigungu okanye ukuxilongwa kunye nayo nayiphi na enye i-biological, ingqondo okanye intlalo yoluntu.
Ngokutsho kwe-American Academy ye-Family Physicians (AAFP), nayi iimbopheleleko ezithile zonyango lokuqala loogqirha:
- ukukhusela izifo
- ukukhuthaza impilo
- ngcebiso
- imfundo yesigulane
- ukugcinwa kwempilo
- ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo ezinzima kunye nezifo ezingapheliyo
- Ukubonelela ngononophelo lwempilo kwizityalo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nesiphene (ikliniki, ukunakekelwa kwangexesha elide nokunye), kunye nezicwangciso zonyango (kubandakanywa nokunakekelwa okubalulekileyo)
Oogqirha bamaziko okunyamekela okuqhelekileyo bahlala beqhuba ukunyamekela kwenkathalo kwaye babone izigulane ngexesha lokuphila. Ngokomzimba, xa umntu omdala ebhekisela ku "ugqirha" wakhe, mhlawumbi ubhekisela kumgqirha wakhe we-internist okanye unyango lwentsapho.
Xa kuyimfuneko, ugqirha unonophelo olungundoqo unokudlulisela isigulane kwizengcali, ngoko ke unxibelelanisa ukunakekelwa okufanelekileyo nangokubanzi.
Ji kelele
I-internist jikelele ithatha izigulane zabantu abadala. Abafundi abaqhelekileyo basekhaya ngabadokotela bokunakekela abaphambili abasebenzayo bobabini abanesifo sengqondo (isibhedlele) kunye nezicwangciso zonyango. Abanye abaqeqeshi be-interns bajolise ekuphatheni izigulane kuphela esibhedlele, kwaye zibizwa ngokuba zizibhedlele .
Emva kweziko lezonyango, abaqeqeshi abaqhelekileyo bazalise iminyaka emithathu yokuhlala okanye ukuqeqeshwa koqeqesho. Emva kokuhlala, aba oogqirha banokuzibandakanya njengabafundi abaqhelekileyo okanye baqhubeke noqeqesho olukhethekileyo.
Abafundi abaqhelekileyo beengcali ekuxilongeni nasekulawuleni iimeko ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, kuquka intloko yesifo, isifo se-reflux yesifo se-gastroesophageal (GERD) , uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye nohlobo lwesibini lwesifo sikashukela. Abangaphakathi baphatha imirhumo yeyeza, banikeze amayeza, izigulane izilumkiso ekusebenziseni amayeza kunye nemiphumo emibi kunye nokujonga unyango lweengxoxo ezinokuthi zingozi.
Nazi ezinye iinkcukacha ezithile, okanye intsebenziswano , ukuba abaqeqeshi bafundele emva kokugqiba ukuhlala. Ulwalamano lwangaphakathi lwamayeza lwangaphakathi luhlala iminyaka emithathu kodwa luyakwazi ukuqhubeka ixesha elide nangaphezulu. Abangaphakathi abaye bafumanisa i-subspecialize kule mihlaba bafumana ukunyanzeliswa okuqhubekayo kwiinkqubo ezithile zecandelo okanye amaqela ezinkqubo zesebe. Ukongeza koko, abaqeqeshi be-interns abancedisa ukufumana i-subspecialize bafanelekile ukuphatha iintetho zonyango ezinzima kwaye benze iinkqubo ezinzima. Kuluhlu olungezantsi, ndibeke amagama alezi ntlobo zamayeza kubazali.
- ukungabikho komzimba kunye ne-immunology (i-allergen ne-immunologist)
- i-endocrinology, isifo sikashukela kunye ne-metabolism (endocrinologist)
- i-hematology okanye iingxaki zegazi (i-hematologists)
- gastroenterology (gastroenterologist)
- i-oncology okanye iyeza lomhlaza (oncologist)
- i-nephrology okanye i-kidney ( nephrologist )
- isifo sepulmonary okanye imiphunga (i-pulmonologist) (Olu qeqesho lwentsebenziswano luhlala ludibaniswa nokunyamekelwa okubalulekileyo kwaye umntu osebenza kwimeko yokukhathalela ebizwa ngokuba yi-intensivist)
- i-rheumatology okanye amajoyina (i-rheumatologist)
- I-cardiology okanye i-heart medicine (i-cardiologist) (I-Cardiology yintsimi enzima kwaye izazi ze-cardiologists zingaphaya ngokukodwa kwi-cardiology yongenelelo, i-clinic electrophysiology kunye ne-heart failure ye-heart and transplant cardiology)
Ugqirha Wentsapho
Ugqirha wosapho okanye ugqirha lonyango lwenyanga lugqirha ofanelekileyo ukuphatha onke amalungu entsapho, kubandakanya iintsana, abantwana, abatsha, abadala nabantu abadala. Amagqirha entsapho angaphelelanga nje kuphela iimeko zonyango jikelele kodwa enoxanduva lokugcinwa kwempilo kwaye angakhokelela izigulane zabo kubacebisi abafanelekileyo, iinkonzo zezempilo kunye nezibonelelo zoluntu. Ukongezelela, ugqirha weentsapho lubandakanya ukunakekelwa kwezempilo olukhuselekileyo, olubandakanya amanyathelo agxininise ekukhuselweni kwesifo esizayo. Le miqathango inokuquka ukuvavanya uvavanyo, njenge-cholesterol okanye uvavanyo lokushukela kwegazi, okanye ukululekwa ngokulahlekelwa kwesisindo, ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala kunye nokunye.
Oogqirha beentsapho baphatha i-gamut ebanzi yokugula ukusuka kwiintsholongwane eziphezulu zokuphefumula ukuya kwiintsholongwane zesikhumba kwi-hypertension nesifo sikashukela. Ukongezelela, abaninzi oogqirha beentsapho benza iinkqubo ezinonophelo zonyango ezinjengezilwanyana ezinjenge-lancing absess or suture removal.
Njengabangaphakathi, oogqirha beentsapho bazalisa iminyaka emithathu yokuhlala okanye ukuqeqeshwa koqeqesho. Ukongeza koko, oogqirha bamayeza oluntu bangabandakanyeka kwiyeza lemidlalo okanye kwi-geriatrics (ukunakekelwa kwabantu abadala). Ugqirha owenza i-geriatrics ubizwa ngokuba ngu- geriatrician . Ekugqibeleni, i-geriatrics iphinda i-subspecialty yamachiza angaphakathi.
Inqaku malunga nokusetyenziswa kwegama: Amagqirha amaninzi entsapho ayithinteli kwigama elithi "intsapho yoogqirha." Ezi ngcali zibiza ukuba "aziqhubi" nantoni kwaye ziyingcali, nazo.
Ngonyango
Oogqirha bezilwanyana banenkathalo yengqondo yomzimba, yengqondo, kunye nentlalo kunye nokuphatha izigulane ngokukhulile. Baphinde bafumane unyango kwaye baphathe izifo ezinzima kunye nezifo ezingapheliyo kunye nokubandakanyeka ekunakekeleni kwezempilo (ukucinga ukulawulwa kwezigulane kunye nokucebisa ngezempilo). Ngokufanayo nomfundi oqhelekileyo, udokotela wezilwanyana unokuba yinkathalo yabantwana beprayimari . Ukongezelela, kukho i-subspecialists yezonyango zonyango ezizodwa kwiinkalo ezahlukileyo njengokuba umntu ongenako ukukwazi ukuhamba ngokubanzi kunye nokuba ngabafundi basekhaya bayabakhathalela abantu abadala kunye nabantwana bezingane ukuba banakekele abantwana. Ootitshala bezilwanyana bazalise iminyaka emithathu yokuhlala kunye neminyaka engaphezulu yokuqeqeshwa kwe-subspecialty. Iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezithathwa ngabahlengikazi ziquka izifo eziphezulu zokuphefumula, izifo zentloko, isifo sohudo, njalonjalo.
Isiqinisekiso-Gynecologist
I-Oststrician-gynecologists (OBGYNs) banakekele imfuno yokuzala yabasetyhini. Bakhathalela nabasetyhini ngexesha lokukhulelwa nokuhanjiswa. Umkhwa wesigqirha kunye nomzimba wesifo sonyango zizonke zonyango kunye nokugqitywa kunye ne-OBGYN ezenza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlinzwa ezifana ne- hysterectomy , okanye ukususwa kwesisu. I-Obstetrics-gynecology iyiminyaka emine yokuhlala. Ukongezelela, i-OBGYN inokuqhubeka ngakumbi kwiinkalo ezinjenge-endocrinology yokuzalana, unyango lomntwana wesisu kunye ne-endocrinology yokuzalana nokuzala.
Inqaku malunga nokusetyenziswa kwegama: Ukubhala i-OB-GYN njenge-OB / GYN (kunye ne-solidus okanye i-slash) idangelwa ngabahleli abaninzi bezonyango. I-slash inomsebenzi ongacacanga kwaye ingabonisa ukuba "mhlawumbi ... okanye" ukwakha, into ephosakeleyo ngokucacileyo ngenxa yokuba ezininzi ze-OB-GYN zenza zombini izibilini kunye negazi.
Abagqirha
Ukuhlinzwa ngokubanzi yinkqubo yokuhlala yokuhlala iminyaka emihlanu eqeqeshelwa oogqirha ukuba ahlolisise kwaye aphathe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezifo usebenzisa utyando. Emva kokuhlala kwindawo yokuhlinzwa, oogqirha abaqhelekileyo (oogqirha abenza ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo kokuhlala) ngokuqhelekileyo benza oku kulandelwayo:
- utyando lomhlaza wekoloni (cinga ukutyunjwa kwemilenze okanye ukususa)
- utyando lwegazi
- imilenze ye-varicose
- cholecystectomy okanye ukususwa kwe gallbladder
Ingqalelo, oogqirha abaqhelekileyo baqeqeshwe ukwenza zombini i- laparotomi , okanye ukuvulwa okuvulekileyo kwisisu esiswini, okanye i- laparoscopy , equka ukusebenzisa i-laparoscope, okanye ityhubhu eguquguqukayo enokukhanya ekupheleni kwayo. I-Laparoscopy yinkqubo encinci ye-laparoscope kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokugqithisa ezenziwe ngomzimba nge-incision encinci kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso lomzimba wesisu.
Emva kokugqiba ukuhlala, oogqirha abaninzi baqhubela phambili. Nazi ezinye iintlobo ezinokuthi ziqhutywe ngabagqirha:
- utyando lwabantwana
- utyando lwe-cardiothoracic (cinga ukuhlinzwa kwentliziyo)
- utyando lwe-vascular (utyando kwiimithwalo zegazi, ezifana nokudala i-fistula epterosis ye-dialysis nokunye)
- ukuguqulwa kwamalungu
- utyando lwazo
- utyando
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kweyeza kunokwahlukana ngokubanzi ngamacandelo amabini: iyeza kunye nokuhlinzwa. Amachiza athetha kwiingcali zonyango zangaphakathi ezingenasigxina. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ezinye zokuhlala kunye nobudlelwane obuhlukeneyo zihluke kwiindlela zokuhlinzwa ngokubanzi ezifana ne-neurosurgery kunye ne-urology.
Psychiatrists
I-Psychiatry yonyango ekhethekileyo ejolise ekuxilongweni, unyango, nokukhusela izifo zokuziphatha, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye neengxaki zengqondo.
Nceda uqaphele ukuba nangona kukho ukugqithisa phakathi kwezi zimbini, i-psychiatrists kunye neengqondo zezinto zengqondo zizodwa zempilo ezahlukileyo. Ngokukodwa, izifo zengqondo ziingcali kwaye zine-MD okanye iD DO degree.
Ukuhlala kweengqondo kuqhubeka iminyaka emine. Nazi ezinye iiprospecialties zengqondo:
- ukuxhatshazwa kwengqondo
- yengqondo yengane kunye nentsha
- yokugula ngengqondo
- ngononophelo olulungelelaniso
Nceda uqaphele ukuba i-neurologist ngugqirha ogxininise ekuxilongweni nasekunyangeni kweengxaki zesistim. Nangona kusekho phakathi kweendawo zombini, i-neurologist igxile kwizityalo eziphilayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-neurologist ingakwazi ukubonelela unyango lwezifo ezinjenge- stroke okanye isifo esingasigxina njenge-multiple sclerosis okanye i-dementia.
Okuthakazelisayo, iindawo ze-neurology kunye neengqondo zengqondo zikwabelana ngokudlulileyo kunye nokudlulela ixesha elide. Izifo ezininzi zeengxaki zeengqondo zinezifo zengqondo. Ukongezelela, izimo zengqondo zingabonakalisa njengezifo zesifo segazi. Imvelaphi eqhelekileyo yale mihlaba ibonakala kuzo zombini iindidi zoqeqesho lweendawo zokuhlala, kunye nabahlali beengqondo abafumana ubuninzi bokubhenela kwi-neurology, kunye neurologists abafumana ukukhanya kwimizimba yesifo sengqondo, nabo. Enyanisweni, izifo zengqondo zifumana isatifikethi ngokuthatha i-American Board ye-Psychiatry ne- Neurology.
Isiphelo
Ingcaciso kweli nqaku ichaza iindawo ezizodwa zezonyango ezingezizo zonke. Izinto ezizodwa kunye neepasipecialties azizange zichazwe apha, kuquka i-radiology, unyango kunye nokuvuselelwa (PM & R), i-hematology, izifo ezithathelwanayo, njalonjalo. Ngaphezu koko, ubude beendawo ezithile zokuhlala kunye neenkqubo zentsebenziswano maxa wambi ziyahlukahluka. Ekugqibeleni, kukho iimvume ezithile kunye nokudibanisa koqeqesho olugqityiweyo emva kokugqwesa ukuba andijolanga apha. Ngokomzekelo, abanye oogqirha benza iindawo zokuhlala ezidibeneyo kwizonyango zangaphakathi kunye nezingane (Med-Peds).
Ukuba unemibuzo malunga nendima yodokotela wakho, nceda ucinge iiwebhusayithi ezinxulumeneyo ezifanelekileyo kwaye uzive ukhululekile ukucela ugqirha wakho ngexesha lokutyelela. Kuhlala kulungele ukukwaziswa malunga nazo zonke iinkalo zenkathalo yakho kubandakanywa nantoni na ugqirha wakho kwaye wenzayo.
Imithombo:
Inkcazo yoMntwana. Inkcazo yomgaqo-nkqubo we-2015 evela kwi-American Academy yePediatrics. Efumaneka kwi: URL: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/4/780.
Unonophelo loPhando. Ifumaneka kwi: URL: AAFP: http://www.aafp.org/about/policies/all/primary-care.html
I-Specialty of General Surgery ichazwe. Ifumaneka kwi: URL: IBhodi yaseYurophu yokuPhepha: http://www.absurgery.org/default.jsp?aboutsurgerydefined
Ixabiso iBH, i-Adams RD, kunye neCoyle JT. I-Neurology ne-Psychiatry: Ukuvala iMida enkulu. Neurology 2000; 54: 8-14.
Yintoni i-Psychiatry. Ifumaneka kwi: URL: Umbutho wama-American Psychiatric: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/what-is-psychiatry.