Yiyiphi impilo efana nezithulu kunye nokuva nzima kokuva (HOH) ishintshile kakhulu kwinqanaba elidlulileyo leminyaka. Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nobuchwepheshe obutsha bubonelele izixazululo zabaninzi, kodwa ezinye iingxaki zihlala zifana.
Intsapho yokuxhaswa-izizukulwana ezintathu zabantu abayizithulu-zibukele ezi nguqulelo kunye neendlela zokuhamba. Xa isiqhwithi esikhulu satshatyalalisa ipulazi kaBin Soukup Sr. ngo-1960, waya kwiibhanki kuwo wonke umzi ukuba athathe umboleko wokwakha kwakhona.
Wonke umntu wayephika isicelo sakhe ngesinye isizathu esilula: Wayesisithulu.
Indodana yakhe ayizange ilibale iimeko zokubukela uyise elahlekelwe yifama yakhe kwaye yaphela ekuzinikezela ubomi bakhe ekuncedeni abantu abayizithulu bathetha nehlabathi elibangqongileyo, ilifa eliqhutyelwa yindodana yakhe, uChris, malunga nesiqingatha sekhulu leminyaka. UBen Soukup Jr wasekela iNkonzo yoNxibelelwano engenzi nzuzo kwiZiThulu (CSD), enye yenani elingenzi-nzuzo e-US elizinikezele ukuxhobisa abantu abayizithulu kunye ne-HOH, kwaye uChris uqhubeke nomsebenzi njenge-CEO yenhlangano.
Iminyaka emva kokuba uBen Soukup Sr waphulukiswe kwifama yakhe, izithulu kunye nezentlupheko yoluntu lwentlanganiso ziya kuqhubeka nokufumana ezinye iinkqubela phambili kakhulu eMelika nasehlabathini jikelele. Nangona kunjalo, ininzi imingeni eqhubekayo.
U phuhliso
UMthetho waseMelika okhubazekileyo (ADA) wancedisa indlela yokukhulumisana lula phakathi kweentetho kunye nezithulu okanye i-HOH ngabanye.
Ukugqithiswa ngo-1990, umthetho wawungumguquko omkhulu kubantu abangezithulu eUnited States kwaye bafuna ukuphakamisa intsimi yokudlala kwabo bakhubazekileyo ngokufuna ukuba iinkonzo zikarhulumente kunye nezizimeleyo zifana nezikolo kunye neenkonzo zonxibelelwano zokubonelela ngeendawo zokuhlala kwabo abayizithulu okanye ukulahlekelwa kwindlebe.
Igalelo lalingummangaliso. Abaqeshi babengasavunyelwa ukubandlulula abo bezithulu okanye i-HOH. Iinkonzo zokuhanjiswa zivumele abanye ukuba benze iifowuni ngokokuqala ngqa, bengasadingeki bathembele kubahlobo abavayo kunye nabamelwane ukuba babize inkampani yabo yekhamera okanye benze uqeshwe logqirha. Amaqhosha avela ngaphantsi kweengqungquthela ngexesha leendaba zasebusuku, kwaye izikolo nezibhedlele zaqala ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokutolika kwabo basebenzisa ulwimi lwezandla lwaseMerika. Unxibelelwano phakathi kweentlanga zengxoxo kunye neentlanga ezingenakuphulaphula zaqala ukunciphisa.
Ukuvela kwe-intanethi kunye nezixhobo zombane ziqhubekile ukuguqula indlela yezithulu kunye no-HOH abantu abakwazi ukuthetha nabo. Njenge-imeyile, abathunywa be-intanethi, ukuthumela imiyalezo, kunye neefowuni eziphathekayo ziba zixhaphake kwaye zifikeleleke, ukuthetha kunye nokuphulaphula akusadingeki ukuba wenze imisebenzi yansuku zonke njengokuyalela ukuthabatha okanye ukuphikisana ne-bill. Iinkonzo zokudibanisa iVidiyo, njenge-Skype okanye i-Zoom, yenza kube lula kubasebenzisi beelwimi ukuba bathethe kunye okanye kubaguquli abade bekuncedisa ngeengxoxo kunye nabahlobo nabavalelane. I-media media ivumele abantu abayizithulu nabakwa-HOH ukuba bafumane kwaye baxhumane ngokulula ngokubanzi-banceda abo bahlala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, ngokukodwa, ukufumana uluntu kunye nokwakha inethiwekhi yenkxaso.
Iinkonzo zokutolika zisadingeka kwiimeko ezininzi, kodwa abo basekuhlaleni abayizithulu kunye neHOH banako ukusebenzisana nabantu abangaphezu kwabo ngaphambili. Kodwa ngelixa iqela lokudlala liyakwazi ukulinganisa, imingeni eqhubekayo ihleli.
Iingxaki zoqoqosho
Ngomhlathi we-ADA, abo basemaphandleni abangekhe baxhomekeke kwindima yomsebenzi wefestile okanye abasebenzi abasebenza nzima, kodwa ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kunye nokungabikho kwemisebenzi kungabathinteli ngokuthe ngqo. Abangama-10 ekhulwini labasebenzi base-US abaneminyaka engabangezizithulu okanye abakwa-HOH babesele bekhangela umsebenzi kodwa besengasebenziyo ngo-2015, xa befumana iindawo ezithile zithuba okanye ixeshana-kwaye malunga nama-37 ekhulwini asebenziselwe ixesha elipheleleyo ngo-2015, xa kuthelekiswa Ama-55 ekhulwini abo bavayo.
Ezi zikhefu ezifanayo ziyaqhubeka kwimfundo ngokunjalo. Nangona izigunyazo ezenziwe yi-ADA, izikolo eziqhelekileyo kunye neeyunivesithi aziqhelwanga ngokukhawuleza ngendlela eya kunceda abafundi abayizithulu nabafundi beHOH ukuba baphumelele, kwaye zikhona ezimbalwa zezithulu kunye nezikhungo zemfundo zeHOH . Ukuqikelelwa kweepesenti ezingama-31 zokusebenza kweminyaka, abadala abadala bafumana i-bachelor degree okanye ngaphezulu, kodwa kuphela i-18 ekhulwini yabo abayizithulu okanye i-HOH.
Impembelelo yale misebenzi kunye nemingeni yemfundo inefuthe eliphazamisayo. Abo basekuhlaleni abangezithulu nabakwaHOH sele sele besengozini enkulu yokudandatheka kunye nokuxhalaba, kodwa ubungqina bezengqondo kunye neentlalo-ntsapho zibonisa ukuba umsebenzi ongenakunakho ungabandakanywa nemicimbi yempilo yengqondo, kunye nezimo ezingapheliyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Konke oku kunokuqhelanisa iinzame zokufumana okanye ukubamba umsebenzi owaneleyo, okubangele umjikelezo onobuchule-ngakumbi xa iintsapho zingakwazi ukufikelela okanye ukufumana unyango lwempilo.
I-inshorensi yempilo
Ngenxa yokuba i-chunk enkulu yama-Amerika ase-insured afumana ingxelo yabo ngabaqeshi, abangaqeshwanga okanye abesithuba esithile abaqeshwe isisithulu kunye nabantu abadala be-HOH baxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zonyango zoluntu ezifana ne-Medicaid, ehluke kakhulu ngurhulumente. Umntu oyedwa kwi-10 yase-US oyisithulu okanye i-HOH abadala abaneminyaka engama-21 ukuya kuma-64 ubudala babengenayo inshuwalense yezempilo ngo-2015, kodwa ngumyinge wesizwe. Ipesenti yabantu abadala abayizithulu kunye nabakwaHOH bavela ngaphantsi kwe-1 ekhulwini eHawaii ukuya kwi-23% e-Alaska.
Oku akuthethi ukuba bonke abantu abayizithulu nabangenasiphelo kunye no-HOH abantu baya kulwa nemicimbi enzulu yempilo, kodwa ubunzima bezoqoqosho kunye neemeko ezihlala zidibaniswa nokungakwazi ukufumana umsebenzi okwaneleyo akufanele zichithwe. Imindeni enezithulu okanye i-HOH yabantu abadala abadala benza i-dollar engama-9,000 ngaphantsi ngonyaka, kwaye iqikelelwa ngama-20 ekhulwini abantu abadala base-US abangabangezithulu okanye i-HOH bahlala kwintlupheko, xa kuthelekiswa nama-13 ekhulwini.
Intlupheko
Intlupheko inendlela yayo yokuchaphazela impilo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu baseMerika abangenayo imali abanemfundo encinci bahlala bephilile kunabantwana abaphakamileyo, abacebileyo, ngakumbi kubantu abancinci. Ubume bezoqoqosho kunye namanqanaba emfundo zidibeneyo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zempilo-ukususela kwisisindo sokuzalwa esiphantsi kwisifo sikashukela.
Ngenxa yokungqinelana kwemininzi yale micimbi, ukunqoba kwabo akuyi kulungiswa komthetho. Ngelixa abantu abaninzi abayizithulu kunye ne-HOH bathola inkxaso evela kumanyathelo afana neCandelo loKhuseleko loKhuseleko loLuntu kunye neNkxaso yoLondolozo lwezeNtlawulo, kuninzi kunokwenziwa ukukhuthaza ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwimisebenzi kunye nemfundo.
"Xa sisesengumngeni mkhulu kunengcamango yabantu abasisithulu kunye nokukwazi kwabo," watsho i-Soukup kwingxoxo-ngxoxiswano-ingeyona ingqesho nje ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ekufumaneni namathuba alinganayo okuqhubela phambili kwindawo yokusebenzela kunye neenkqubo zemfundo. Inxalenye ye-CSD, iqala ingxowa-mali eyimali kubathengi abazizithulu, kunceda iinkampani ukuba zichonge kwaye ziqeshe abasebenzi bezithulu nabasebenzi be-HOH, kunye nokunceda iinkampani ezifana no-Uber ukudala izinto zokuqeqesha ngoLwimi lweZandla lweMerika. Kodwa ukunqoba izithintelo ezinkulu zezoqoqosho, iUnited States kufuneka ijongene neengxaki zoluntu ezijongene nabo abayizithulu kunye neHOH.
Iingxaki zeNtlalontle
Ukuva ubunzima befuthe kuwo onke amaxesha, iintlanga, kunye nobuhlanga, kwiinkalo zentlalo kunye noluntu. Abanye abantu bazalwa bezithulu, ezinye zilahlekile ngenxa yokugula, ukugula, ixesha, okanye ingozi. Abanye bakuva okufutshane kunye nenkxaso ye-implanted cochlear okanye inkxaso yevalelo. Abanye abakwazi ukuva nantoni na. Enyanisweni, izakhono kunye neemfuno zalabo abakhubazekileyo bokuphulaphula zifana neentlanga ngokwazo.
Ulwimi Lwezandla LwaseMelika (ASL)
Asizi kakuhle ukuba bangaphi abantu baseUnited States basebenzisa i-ASL, kodwa uqikelelo luvela kwi-100,000 ukuya kwisigidi esisodwa. Abatokiki-ababizwa ngokuba "ngabaguquleli" -abasebenzisi be-ASL baqhagamshelana nabantu abavayo, kwaye i-ADA ifuna amaziko karhulumente kunye nezikolo ukubonelela abaguquleli be-ASL kulabo abayidingayo. Mhlawumbi ubabone kwiinkomfa zeendaba ngexesha leentlekele zemvelo, umzekelo, okanye nakwiikonti.
I-ASL ayikho nje inguqulelo esekelwe kwisiNgesi. Ulwimi olucacileyo kunye nolwimi olubunzima lwalo, ukubiza amagama, kunye nemithetho ye-oda. NjengesiNgesi, iintetho kunye nemiyalezo iyahluka ngokusekelwe kulowo owenza ukutolika. Kodwa abasebenzisi be-ASL abasoloko banokukhetha uktolika olunikeziwe okanye banokhetho lokucela abatoliki abakhethayo phezu kwabanye-kwaye oko kunokuchaphazela isisithulu okanye u-HOH ukukwazi ukuthetha okanye ukuqonda ulwazi olubalulekileyo.
Nokuba xa kunikwa inguqulelo yolwimi, ngamanye amaxesha akwanele. Kwezinye iimeko-ezifana neofisi yogqirha, umzekelo-isichazi-sithethi esiqinisekisiweyo sisenokufuneka ukuba sisebenze kunye nomguquleli we-ASL ukuqinisekisa ukuba ama-nuances aziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, ngelixa abantu abaninzi abazizithulu beziNgesi ezibhalwe kakuhle, ukubhala izinto ngeyona nto ingcono kakhulu yokuthetha nabo-ngakumbi ukuba ulwimi lwezandla lolwimi lwabo lokuqala-kwaye amalungu omndeni athetha i-ASL ayifanele asetyenziswe njengomnye abaguquleli abaqinisekisiweyo.
Isolation Social
Abantwana abathathu abayizithulu bazalwa abazali abava, kodwa ngaphantsi kweyesithathu banamalungu entsapho asayine rhoqo. Abanye bathembela kwizithulu zabo okanye i-HOH abathandekayo ukuba bafunde imilomo, kodwa oku kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokugqithisileyo kwaye ngokukhawuleza kubangele ukuqonda okungafanelekileyo kwinto eshiwo. Kwakudinga ukuba umntu oyisithulu okanye uHOH ukuba "alalele" ngendlela engafanele ibe lula kubo njengokujonga umqondiso othile. Unokucinga ngesosimo somzwelo nangokwengqondo sokungakwazi ukuthetha nabo abasondeleyo kuwe, kungabi ngabanye esikolweni okanye emsebenzini. Abantu abaninzi abayizithulu abahlala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, basenokuba ngabantu abazizithulu kwindawo yabo okanye kwisikolo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwakha ubudlelwane.
"Ndiyakhumbula ndiziva ndodwa, nangona xa ndijikeleze abantu abaninzi, ngenxa yokuthintelwa kwezonxibelelwano," kusho uMnu. "Ndayazi ukuba abaninzi abantu babengenabungozi kwaye ukuba izithintelo zonxibelelwano zikhona kuphela ngenxa yokungabikho kwabantu abazizithulu kunye nokungaqondi . "
Ukongezelela ekuzihlaleni koluntu, uphando lubonisa ukuba abantwana abangevayo, ngokukodwa, basengozini yokusetyenziswa kakubi, ukunyanzelwa, nokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo kunontanga yabo-iziphumo zokuba zibe nempembelelo engapheliyo kwimpilo yengqondo kunye nempilo.
Iingxaki zempilo kaRhulumente
Enyanisweni, uphando oluncinane lukhoyo kwiimfuno zempilo zabantu abangevayo kunye neHOH. Uphando lwezeMpilo, umzekelo, uqhutyelwa rhoqo ngefowuni ngaphandle kokungaboniyo abantu abayizithulu, kwaye izifundo ezininzi zempilo zikarhulumente azikho iindlela zokudityaniswa kwedatha ngokukodwa malunga nalabo abanokulahlekelwa kwindlebe okanye ukuva.
Abaninzi abangevayo kunye ne-HOH abantu abazi izinto ezinokuba nolwazi oluqhelekileyo kubantu abazivelayo, njengembali yabo yezonyango zonyango okanye nesigama sesigqirha sonyango, ngenxa yokuba abanenzuzo yokukwazi ukunyamekela izalamane ezixubusha ngemicimbi yezempilo okanye enye iingxoxo zomnxeba. Ukusebenzisana nabaqeqeshi bezobugqirha banokunganeliseki kumabini omabini, njengabasebenzisi be-ASL badibana nemingcipheko kubaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo, kunye nemibutho yezobugcisa ibhekana nobunzima bokubuyiselwa ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezinjalo. Amava anokukhathazeka ngabo bonke abachaphazelekayo.
Iingcebiso zokuPhucula
Ngo-2011, abaphandi bapapasha iingcebiso ngeendlela zokuvala isithuba kwiindawo ezingalinganiyo zezempilo ezihlangene nabantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH. Ba cebisa ukuba kufanele:
- Ukuphucula ulwazi lwezempilo lweentsapho ezizithulu. Oku kubandakanya ukufaka iincwadana kuzo zonke iinkcukacha zempilo yoluntu kunye nokuvakala, njengamavidiyo anolwazi, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba izicwangciso zokulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza zenziwa ngegalelo labantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH.
- Faka ezinye izithulu kunye nabantu baseHOH kwinkqubo yophando. Ukuqashwa kweeprojekthi zophando lwezempilo kuluntu kufuneka zilungiswe kwizithulu kunye nabantu baseHOH, kuquka ukubonelela nokuqokelela ulwazi usebenzisa i-ASL.
- Ukuqokelela nokuhlalutya idatha emitsha kunye nekhoyo kunye nabantu abayizithulu nabakwaHOH engqondweni. Oku kungabandakanya ukongezelela okulula kwenkcazelo yolwazi lwesithulu ekuhlaleni, njengokuba kulahlekelwa yindleko yokuvalelwa kweminyaka.
- Khuthaza abasebenzisi be-ASL ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo zempilo karhulumente. Uphando oluthatha inxaxheba luluntu lufuna ukufumana abantu abazizithulu okanye abantu be-HOH ukuba banikele ingqiqo kwimibandela yempilo-kungekhona nje into ehambelana nokuva-kunye neenkonzo zokutolika kufuneka zinikezelwe kwiinkomfa zempilo kunye neziganeko zempilo.
- Khuthaza abantu abayizithulu kunye nabantu ba-HOH ukuba basebenze kwimpilo karhulumente kunye nemimandla enxulumene nempilo. Ngokuqala kwimisebenzi yempilo, izithulu kunye ne-HOH banokukunceda ukubeka ikharityhulam yokuqeqeshwa kunye namava empilo ukuba afumaneke ngakumbi kwiintlobo zabo abazizithulu nabakwaHOH.
- Ukuxhasa imali engaphezulu yeenkonzo zonxibelelwano. Iinkonzo zokutolika zibalulekile kubantu abangezithulu nabakwaHOH abasebenzisana noluntu lwempilo, kodwa banokubiza. Ukuthetha nabanomgaqo-nkqubo malunga nesidingo kunye nokubaluleka kwezimali kule nkonzo kunokunceda ukuvumela ukunyuka kokufikelela kwiinkonzo zonyango kunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nempilo.
ILizwi
Oku kutshintshile kwiminyaka emashumi ukususela ngoBen Soukup Sr. inqatshelwe imboleko, kodwa kuya kuthatha inzame ehlangeneyo kumgangatho wendawo, urhulumente kunye nelizwe ukuqhubeka nokwenza inkqubela phambili. Oko kuthethwa, abantu abaphulaphulayo banokuxhasa le mizamo ngokwenza okungakumbi ukufuna nokwakha ubudlelwane nabantu abangevayo kunye nabakwaHOH kuluntu lwabo, kwaye ngokwenza njalo, banceda ukuvala uhlaselo lwentlalo phakathi kweentetho kunye nezithulu okanye zeHOH.
> Imithombo:
> Barnett S, McKee M, Smith SR, Pearson TA. Abasebenzisi beeNtetho zezandla zeNtengo, ukungalingani kwezeMpilo, kunye neMpilo kaRhulumente: Ilungelo loLuntu loLuntu. Ukukhusela izifo ezingapheliyo . 2011; 8 (2): A45.
> IYunivesithi yaseConell. Izibalo zokukhubazeka. 2015.
> HealthyPeople.gov. Idatha2020.
> INational Network. Ziziphi uMthetho wamaMerika okhubazekileyo (ADA)?