Iintsholongwane ze-Flu zitshintsha lonke ixesha. Yingakho sifuna ukufumana umkhuhlane wonk 'unyaka.
Ezinye zeenguqu zincinci, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha utshintsho oluninzi olwenza i-virus entsha yintsholongwane. Yiyo le ntsholongwane yesifo somkhuhlane omtsha ukuba iingcali zixhalaba ngenxa yokuba zizo ezibangelwa ngumkhuhlane wentsholongwane.
Ezinye izinto zokwazi malunga neentsholongwane zentsholongwane yomkhuhlane ziquka ukuba:
- abantu, ingakumbi abantwana abaselula, kaninzi abanakho ukukhusela "iveli" okanye intsholongwane entsha yesifo segciwane lesilwanyana
- Iintsholongwane zegciwane lesifo seengulube ezinokubangela abantu abagulayo zibizwa ngokuba ziintsholongwane zentsholongwane
- ezinye iintsholongwane zentsholongwane yesifo somkhuhlane zineentsholongwane zofuzo ezingenza kube lula ukuba zisasaze kwizilwanyana kubantu okanye zibangele izifo ezinzulu
Inguqu ezincinci kwiintsholongwane zentsholongwane yentsholongwane zibangelwa yinkqubo yokuhlaselwa kwe-antigenic. Utshintsho olunokubangela ukuba utshintsho oluncinci kwintsholongwane yesifo sofuba ukuze i-antibodies yethu ingaziqondi kwaye asikhuselwanga ngokupheleleyo kwiintsholongwane.
Olunye utshintsho olukhulu lubangelwa ukutshintshwa kwe-antigenic. Yilokho eyabangela ubhubhane lwe-H1N1 ka - 2009 . Esikhundleni sokutshintshwa okulula okanye utshintsho kwi-single strain fluin, ukutshintshwa kwe-antigen kuphumela ekuhlaziyweni okukhulu kwezinto zofuzo ezivela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentsholongwane, ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwezilwanyana kunye noxinzelelo lwabantu. Ngoko ngokutshintshwa kwe-antigenic, intsholongwane yesifo somkhuhlane inokuthi yayingakwazi ukuphazamisa iintaka okanye ihagu, zingaphinde zithole amandla okusasazeka kubantu.
2016-1017 Ixesha leFlu
Intsholongwane yesifo somkhuhlane ixhomekeke kwiingcaphephe ukuba iingcali ziza kuba zixhaphakile ngexesha le-2015-1016 lomkhuhlane kwaye zibandakanyiweyo kwisifo sokugonya somkhuhlane wexesha elidlulileyo zibandakanya:
- I-A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) yegciwane le-pdm09
- i-A / Switzerland / 9715293/2013 (i-H3N2) -fana neyintsholongwane
- i-B / Phuket / 3073 / ye-virus-like-virus
- i-virus ye-B / Brisbane / ye-60/2008 (iintsholongwane zentsholongwane kuphela)
Intsholongwane ye-H1N1 eyabangela ubhubhane ngoku ibe yinye enye intsholongwane yegciwane lesifo.
Unyaka ozayo we-2016-17 wokunyangwa komkhuhlane uya kubandakanya:
- I-A / California / 7/2009 (H1N1) yegciwane le-pdm09
- i-A / Hong Kong / 4801/2014 (H3N2) -fana neyintsholongwane
- kunye ne-B / Brisbane / i-virus / ye-60/2008-njenge-virus (B / Victoria lineage)
- Izigulane ezine-quadrivalent ziya kubandakanya i-B / Phuket / 3073/2013-like-virus (b / Yamagata lineage)
Ngoko ukufikelela kwizinto ezibini zonyaka ozayo wokugonya umkhuhlane uza kutshintsha.
I-Flu Dog
Nangona abaninzi bethu baye bavavanya ukuva malunga nomkhuhlane weentaka kunye nomkhuhlane weengulube, umkhuhlane wezinja uyinto entsha.
Ukuva malunga nomkhuhlane wezinja zika-2015 (umkhuhlane we-canine) ukugqabhuka eChicago mhlawumbi babini bathatyatshile kwaye bekhathazekile ngabantu abaninzi. Ngenhlanhla, umkhuhlane wezinja awuxhomeki kubantu. Le ngqungquthela yeH3N2 eyavela kumahashe inokusasazeka phakathi kweenja, kodwa oko kubangela ukubaluleka ukuzama ukulawula nokukhusela amatyala amatsha.
HPAI H5
Ukusukela ngoDisemba 2014, i-intanethi ye-avian influenza (HPAI) i-H5 virus inambuzane ifunyenwe e-United States kwiintaka zasendle, ezifudukayo (i-Canada Goose, i-Mallards, i-Snowy Owl, njl njl.) Kunye neenkukhu zasekhaya, kubandakanywa nezinkukhu, i-turkeys kunye namadada.
Izigidi zeentaka ezigulayo okungenani ezingama-21 zikhokelela kwiingcebiso ezivela kwiCDC ukuba abantu:
- ugweme iintaka zasendle kwaye uzigcine nje kuphela
- ugweme ukunxulumana neentaka zasekhaya (izinkukhu) ezibonakala zigula okanye zifile
- thintana noqhagamshelwano kunye neendawo ezibonakala zingcoliswe ngamehlo ezivela kwintaka zasendle okanye zasekhaya.
Umngcipheko wempilo kubantu abavela kulo mkhuhlane weentaka kucingwa ukuba uphantsi ngeli xesha nangona kunjalo.
Kukho inkxalabo yokuba intshukumo yomkhuhlane weentaka ingakhokelela ekunqongopheni kweqanda, amaxabiso aphezulu amaqanda, kunye namaxabiso aphezulu e-turkey.
H3N2 Izifo ezichaseneyo
I-virus ye-H3N2 (H3N2v) eyahlukileyo yafumana abantu abayi-12 abagula ngo-2011. Le ngxaki yintsholongwane yesifo somkhuhlane ochaphazela iigobhe, kodwa wakwazi ukufumana abantu abagulayo-ikakhulu abantu abade baqhagamshelana neengulube ezinegciwane.
Uku kuqhuba okuqhubekayo. Ngo-2012, ityala libalelwa kwi-H3N2v ukukhuselwa kuye kwanda kwi-309 kwi-12.
Nangona sazibona ezinye iimeko ukususela ngaloo ndlela, njengangaphambili kwiminyaka eyadlulileyo, kunqongophala ukusasazeka komntu omnye komnye. Lezo ziindaba ezilungileyo kuthi sonke, kodwa abantu abathile basadingeka baqaphele, ingakumbi abo basengozini enkulu yokufumana iingxaki zomkhuhlane . I-CDC icebisa ukuba baphephe iifolo kunye nehagu kwiindawo zokulima.
Ukuphepha ukufumana i-H3N2v kwihagu, kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu:
- zihlambe izandla ngokufanelekileyo emva kokuba naluphi na uhlaselo lweengulube
- ukuphepha ukutya nokusela malunga nehagu
- thintela ukuthatha isigxina somntwana wakho, amathoyizi, ibhotile yebhotile, okanye i-pacifier, njl., malunga nehagu
- ahlale kude nayiphi na ihagu egulayo
Gcina ukhumbule ukuba awukwazi ukuhlala uxelela ukuba ingulube inayo iH3N2v. Njengokusuleleka kubantu, ezinye ihagu zinokusuleleka ngentsholongwane kwaye zineempawu ezinobunzima kuphela okanye zingekho zibonakaliso kwaye zingasasazeka kwabanye.
Kwaye ngenxa yokuba iintsholongwane zentsholongwane zinokudibanisa kunye nokutshintshela kwimizila emitsha, kufuneka uphephe iifolo xa ugula ngumkhuhlane.
Kwakukho iziganeko ezingama-19 kuphela ze-H3N2v e-US ngo-2013, kodwa ziimeko ezintathu kuphela ngonyaka ngo-2014 no-2015.
Kuze kube ngoku, ngo-2016, bekukho ubuncinane iimeko zeH3N2v, zonke e-Ohio naseMichigan.
H7N9 Ukuqhambuka Kwemvula yeHludi
Ukuhlaselwa kwe-H7N9 ka-2013 eChina kwabaninzi abantu abachaphazelekayo, kuba kukho ukufa kwabangu-44 phakathi kwamacala angama-132 ngo-2013. Kwakhona kukho iimeko ezimbalwa kwizihambi ezibuya eChina, kuquka nabantu abagula eCanada naseMalaysia.
Ngethamsanqa, lolu hlobo lomkhuhlane weentaka aluzange lukwazi ukusasazeka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya kwelinye. Esikhundleni saloo nto, kucatshangelwa ukuba abantu bagula ngenxa yokukhuselwa kweenkukhu ezikhuselweyo, ikakhulukazi kwiimarike zentaka eziphilayo.
Ukuqala kokugqithisa kwe-2013 kubonakala kuphelile, kodwa amatyala amatsha abonakala ekhula ngonyaka. Kukho ubuncinane ubuncinane abangama-798 amacala e-H7N9, amaninzi eChina, kunye nokufa okungama-212.
H5N1
Ukongeza kwi-H7N9, kukho enye intlupheko yentsholongwane yeentsholongwane eziye zadlula ixesha elide - i-H5N1 enomkhuhlane we-avian.
Okokuqala kutholakale ngo-2003, kukho ubuncinane ama-664 amacala e-HPAI H5N1 kumazwe angama-15 kunye nabangenani abangama-391 abafa.
Ininzi yamatyala e-Asia nakwi-Northeast Africa, ngakumbi i-Egypt ne-Indonesia. Ukuba uya kujonga enye yale mimandla, i-CDC incomo ukuba "ugweme ukutyelela iifama zeenkukhu, iintengiso zeentaka kunye nezinye indawo apho ikhukhukazi eziphilayo ziphakanyiswa khona, zigcinwe okanye zithengiswa."
NjengoH7N9, olu hlobo lwesifo somkhuhlane alubonakali lusasazeka phakathi kwabantu.
H9N2
Amatyala amabini amatsha e-Avian influenza A (H9N2) nawo aqinisekiswa ngo-2013, zombini e-China.
Olu hlobo lweentsholongwane zeentaka ludla lubangele iimpawu ezinobunzima, ngoko akucingelwa ukuba yingozi enkulu ngoku.
H10N8
Uhlobo olutsha lwamathambo omhlaza we-avian kubantu abanesifo, i-A (H10N8), sele isiqinisekisile ukuba sele isulele abantu ababini eChina ukususela ngoJanuwari 2014.
Kwesinye seziganeko, umfazi oneminyaka engama-55 ubudala owayeye kwiimarike zezolimo wenza i-pneumonia enkulu kwaye yayimeko ebalulekileyo. Omnye umntu onesifo se-H10N8 wasweleka ngasekupheleni kuka-2013.
Oko Okufuneka Ukwazi Ngezifo Ezimbi ZeNtsha
Kungaba yinto esichukumisayo ukuba yonke imiphumo emitsha yentsholongwane ingabangela ukutshabalalisa umkhuhlane omtsha kunye nenani elikhulu lokufa kwintsholongwane . Ngethamsanqa, ezi ntlobo zengxubevange zincinci.
Ezinye izinto zokwazi malunga neentsholongwane zentsholongwane yomkhuhlane ziquka ukuba:
- Izidakamizwa zentsholongwane yomkhuhlane, kuquka i- Tamiflu (oseltamivir) kunye ne-Relenza (zanamivir), isingasetyenziswa ukuphatha unyango olutsha, nangona xa isitofu sokugonya singatholakali.
- Iintsholongwane zintsholongwane emitsha yintsholongwane ziqhubeka zitshintsha, oko kunokuthetha ukuba intsholongwane ye-HPAI H5N1 ingenza olunye usuku lukwazi ukusabalalisa ngokulula ngakumbi komntu omnye.
- Bobabini iinxalenye zeH kunye ne-N ze-H7N9 ziintlobo ezintsha ezingazange zifumane abantu abagulayo ngaphambili. Ngokwahlukileyo, kuphela i-H yecandelo le-H5N1 elitsha phakathi kwabantu.
- Kukho iziganeko ezinqamlekileyo ze-H7 e-North America esikhathini esidlulileyo, kubandakanya i-H7N3 eCanada ngo-2004 (ama-2 abantu), i-H7N2 eNew York ngo-2003 (ityala lomntu omnye) kunye ne-H7N2 eVirginia ngo-2002 (icala elinye). Ngokungafani ne-H5N1, ezi zizo zonke iintsholongwane ze-avian influenza virus.
- I-World Health Organization ineprogram yokujonga i-influenza kunye nokubeka iliso ekuncedeni ukufumana nokuchonga iintlobo zentsholongwane yomkhuhlane.
Okubaluleke kakhulu, isitofu sokukhusela umkhuhlane onokukhusela kuzo zonke iintlobo zentsholongwane ziza kuba nethemba ngelinye ilanga sizikhusele zonke zivela kuyo nayiphi na intsholongwane yomhlaza wesifo.
Kuze kube ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba siqhubeke silindile kwaye sijonge ezi ntsholongwane zentsholongwane yomkhuhlane, sebenze kwimveliso yamachiza omtsha we-anti-virus, iintsholongwane ezintsha, kunye nezindlela zokunciphisa ukusasazeka kwezi virus zentsholongwane kwizilwanyana kubantu. Yaye qiniseka ukuba uxelele ugqirha wakho ukuba uhlakulele iimpawu zentsholongwane kwaye usandula ukutyelela indawo apho le ntsholongwane yintsholongwane yintsholongwane iyaziwa ngokuba igule abantu.
> CDC. Ukuthintela nokuLawula i-Influenza yonyaka kunye neZigcino: Iingcebiso zeKomidi elicebisi malunga neMigudu yokuPhepha (ACIP) - e-United States, ngo-2014-15 I-Influenza Season. MMWR. Agasti 15, 2014/63 (32); 691-697.
> CDC. Intsholongwane ye-Avian (H7N9). http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h7n9-virus.htm. Ufikelele ngoJulayi 2013.
> WHO. Isishwankathelo soVavanyo lweNyanga. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/HAI_Risk_Assessment/en/index.html Kufumaneka ngoFebruwari 2014.
> CDC. I-Influenza A (H3N2) I-Virus ekhoyo. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/swineflu/h3n2v-cases.htm. Ufikelele ngoJulayi 2013.
> Diana L. Ukuqulunqa izicwangciso zokulawula i-influenza emhlabeni jikelele ukujongana neentsholongwane ezikhulayo. I-American Journal ye-Physiology - I-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 2013 Jul; 305 (2): L108-17.
> ISasiesekharan, uRam. Iinqununu Zokwakhiwa Kwezinto Eziqhelekileyo Ukuguquka kweH5N1 Hemagglutinin ukutshintshela ukuchaneka kweReceptor yayo. Cell, Volume 153, Issue 7, 1475-1485, 06 Juni 2013.