Ngaba i-xenotransplantation ingaba yimpendulo yokunqongophala kwezitho zomntu?
Ngomnyaka we-1997, ugqirha wezinyantliziyo waseNdiya wathatha ingqalelo emva kokutshintsha intliziyo yengulube ibe ngumntu. Isigulane safa ngeveki kamva ngenxa yeengxaki ezivela kwizifo. Nangona kunjalo, eso siganeko sabuyisela kugxininiso kwintsimi engaphantsi kwe- transplantation yomzimba , kulo mzekelo kwizilwanyana ukuya kubantu. Kwiimpawu zonyango, oku kuthethwa ngokuba yi-xenotransplantation.
Ngokwe-definition ye-World Health Organisation definition, i-xenotransplantation ibhekisela ku:
- Ukutshintshwa kweeseli eziphilayo, izicubu, okanye izitho zezilwanyana ezivela kubantu.
- Ukutshintshwa komzimba womzi womzimba okanye iiseli ezidibanisene neeseli ezingezizo zesintu okanye izicubu.
Khawucinge ngethemba: ikamva apho ukuhluleka komzimba akusekho ingxaki eyoyikisayo. Lapho ukulungelelaniswa, "ukufunwa kwemfuneko" kweempahla ezitholakalayo kwizilwanyana ziyafumaneka ukuba zitshintshelwe kubantu abanezintso zeentliziyo, ukungaphumeleli kwintliziyo , ukungaphumeleli kwesibindi njl. Amathuba angenakuphela. Kodwa ngaba silapha? Ngaba kunokwenzeka? Kuthiwani ngemibandela yokuziphatha?
Xenotransplantation kwiMbali
Ukuphucula ifom yomntu kunye nomsebenzi kuye kwaba yinto emangalisayo abantu abaye bahlala kuyo ukususela ekuqaleni. Iindaba eziqhelekileyo zika-Icarus noDaedalus ezixhambela amaphiko ezinyoni kwizame zabo ezingenangqondo zokubhabha elwandle ukusuka eKrete ukuya eGrisi ziyaziwa.
UThixo owaziwayo wamaHindu, uGanesha unentloko yeendlovu etshalwe kwifom yomntu. Eminye yale miqondiso ibuyele kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-2000 ngaphambi koKrestu. Ngako oko, kunokukhuseleka ukuthetha ukuba abantu baye bafaka ingcamango ye-xenotransplantation kwiminyaka engaphezu kweeyine.
Ngaphambi kokungabikho kwenzululwazi yaseNdiya okukhankanywe ngasentla, bekukho iingxelo ze-chimpanzee-to-human transplant, eyenziwa ngo-1964 (ukusinda kwesigulane kwakunokufutshane kakhulu).
Kutheni Singafuna Izilwanyana Zokuguqula Umzimba Kuzo Zonke?
Impendulo emfutshane kunye neentliziyo kukuba i-xenotransplantation ingaba yimpendulo yokungafani ngokukhoyo phakathi kweemfuno kunye ne-suppl y . Njengoko i-FDA, izigulane ezilishumi zifa imihla ngemihla eUnited States yedwa elinde ukuguqulwa komzimba.
I-USRDS ingxelo yedatha yokuba uluhlu lwezigulane elinde ukutshintshwa kweengtso ngo-Disemba 31, 2013 lwabaviwa abangaphezulu kwama-86,000. Le minyaka engaphezu kwesine inani leentshukumo zezintso ezenziwa eMelika ngaloo nyaka (malunga ne-17,600), isikhumbuzo esicacileyo sokungafani phakathi kwenani labanikeli abafumanekayo kunye nabantu abalinde uluhlu lwezinto zokulinda umzimba .
Ngaphandle kwezi ziganeko zokugcina ubomi, unyango lwezifo ezingapheliyo ezifana nesifo sikashukela sinokukwazi ukuguqulwa ngenxa yokutsalwa kwezisele kunye nezicubu ezivela kwimithombo engekho yoluntu (cinga ukufakelwa kwe-pancreatic kwisifo sikashukela esisekelwe kwi-insulin).
Ziziphi Izilwanyana ezazingasetyenziselwa ukuTshintshela kweeNtsholongwane zabantu?
I-Intuitively, kunokubonakala ngathi abahlobo bethu abasondeleyo kwi-chain-chain-non-human "njengezinkukhu-ziza kubakho umthombo ongcono wezo ziko. Nangona kunjalo, la ma-primates awanqabile kwaye aqhelekanga "aphakanyiswe" kwizinga elikhulu.
Amanqabana anjengeengulube, ngoko ke, zikhethwa ngenxa yokuba ukufumaneka lula kwiimanani ezingenamkhawulo kwenza ukuba kubekho umthombo obiza imali. Ngokukodwa, njengoko iinjongo zichaphazelekayo, iintso ezivela kwihagu zisondele kakhulu kwiintso zabantu.
Imiqobo kunye neengozi
I-Xenotransplantation ayizange isuswe kwizinga elikhulu ngenxa yemimiselo ethile. Nazi ezinye zeembambano esibhekana nazo xa kuziwa ekutshalweni kwezitho ezivela kwizilwanyana zibe ngabantu:
- Umngcipheko wamasosha omzimba onqatshelwe ilungu elifakwe kwisilwanyana.
- Umngcipheko wokudlulisa izifo (ezaziwa kunye ezingaziwa) kwizilwanyana zibe ngumntu: Ekuqalekeni, oku kubonakala kuyingozi enkulu. Ngokwenza oko, inyaniso yokuba ininzi imithombo yoluntu yezilwanyana izakuba zizilwanyana eziphakanyiswe kwiimeko ezilawulwayo kwaye zikhulile zenza ukunciphisa kakhulu kule mngcipheko.
- Ukunciphisa ubunzima bokufakelwa komzimba: Kwi-heartplantes-to-human transplantation echazwe ngasentla, umzekelo, ubuncinane beentliziyo ze-chimp ezingenakwaneleyo ukunyamekela iimfuno zomzimba zomzimba zikhankanywe njengesisona isizathu sokufa kwesigulane .
- Imiba yokuziphatha: Ngaba kufuneka sithathe ubomi besilwanyana ukuze sisindise yethu? Impembelelo yempilo karhulumente ye-xenotransplantation yinkinga yokuziphatha. Enye yemibuzo eqhelekileyo ibhekiselele oogqirha bamayeza namhlanje malunga noko kuya kwenzeka ntoni xa i-agent echaphazelayo ingeniswa ngokungazenzisiyo kuluntu ngenxa ye-xenotransplantation. Oku kuya kuba yinto efana neengcamango malunga nentsholongwane kaGawulayo kunye ne "gxuma" kubantu.
I-Xenotransplantation kunye neNyaniso
Ngoku inkolelo ekholelwa ukuba ukufakelwa kwezitho ezingezizo zomntu ebantwini kunomcimbi othi, kunokuba. Imiba ephathelene nokwenqatshelwa kwezitho ezinje iyakuthatyathwa ngokubakho ukuba nezilwanyana zinikela ngemfuyo zenzelwe ukuvelisa izakhi zofuzo zabantu. Ukuba le mpu melelo, isistim somzimba somntu asinakukwazi ukukhanyela eso sitho sezilwanyana. Iingxaki malunga nokusuleleka kunye nokuziphatha zifuna olunye uphando.
I-"step step" yokuqala kwi-xenotransplantation inokuthi ibe yindlela yokwehlisa ixesha kwizigulane ezinokungaphumeleli komzimba, apho zingasetyenziselwa njengebhaloji ukuya kunyango lokugqibela. Isimo esilungileyo singaba nesigulane esinokuphelelwa kwesibindi esipheleleyo esingenaso nesibindi somntu esitholakalayo sokutshintshela kwaye mhlawumbi siyafa silinde. Kule meko, isibindi esingengabantu singathenga eso sigulane ixesha elixabisekileyo de kubekho isibindi somntu sitholakalayo. Sithi le nto "into engcono kunanto" imeko!
> Imithombo
> Cooper D. Imbali emfutshane ye-organ-organ transplantation. Proc (iBayl Univ Med Cent). 2012 uJan; 25 (1): 49-57. PMCID: PMC3246856
> I-Organic Organ and Tissue Transplantation. I-World Health Organization International International Xenotransplantation Information. http://www.who.int/transplantation/xeno/en/
> Ulawulo lweZokutya kunye neDrug. Xenotransplantation. https://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Xenotransplantation/